Ch 13 - PSY 101 Notes

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Psychology

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Chapter 13 - Psychology 101 Notes Section 1: Approaches to Treating Psychological Disorders The Psychological Approach to Therapy - Clinical psychology is the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders The Biological Approach to Therapy - Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in treating psychological disorders Section 2: Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Therapies - The psychodynamic therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems - The goal of psychodynamic therapies is to help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems - Psychoanalysis - Free association involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing - Catharsis is the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience - Dream analysis is a psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams - Transference is the psychoanalytic term for the client’s relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client’s life Humanistic Therapies - In humanistic therapies, people are encouraged toward self-understanding and personal growth - In contrast to psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thoughts Behavior Therapies - Behavior therapies use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior - Aversive conditioning entails repeated pairings of an undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior’s positive associations - Through aversive conditioning, people can learn to avoid behaviors such as smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol Operant Conditioning Techniques

- The idea behind using operant conditioning as a therapeutic approach is that just as maladaptive behavior patterns are learned, they can be unlearned Cognitive Therapies - Cognitive therapies emphasize the cognitions, or thoughts, are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to change the individual’s feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions - Cognitive restructuring, a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion, is central to cognitive therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a combination of cognitive therapy, with its emphasis on reducing self-defeating thoughts, and behavior therapy, with its emphasis on changing behavior - Self-instructional methods are cognitive-behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior Therapy Integrations - Integrative therapy is a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client Section 3: Biological Therapies - Biological therapies or biomedical therapies are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning - Drug therapy is the most common form of biomedical therapy - Electroconvulsive and psychosurgery are much less widely used biomedical therapies Drug Therapy - Psychotherapeutic drugs are used mainly in three diagnostic categories: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia Antianxiety Drugs - Antianxiety drugs are commonly known as tranquilizers. These drugs reduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable - The most frequently prescribed benzodiazepines include Xanax, Valium, and Librium - Side effects include: drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, and mental slowing Antidepressant Drugs - Antidepressant drugs regulate mood.

- The four main classes of antidepressants are tricyclics, such as Elavil - Tetracyclics such as Avanza - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, such as Nardil - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft Tricyclics - Are believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and serotonin Tetracyclic - Drugs have effects on both norepinephrine and serotonin, enhancing brain levels of these neurotransmitters - MAO inhibitors are thought to work by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Target serotonin and work mainly by interfering only with the reabsorption of serotonin the brain Medication for Bipolar Disorder - Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder - Lithium is the lightest of the solid elements in the periodic table of elements Antipsychotic Drugs - Antipsychotic drugs are powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns - Neuroleptics are the most extensively used class of antipsychotic drugs - Neuroleptics do not cure schizophrenia; they treat is symptoms, not its causes - Another potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth Electroconvulsive Therapy - The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) commonly called shock therapy, is to set off a seizure in the brain, much like what happens spontaneously in some forms of epilepsy. - ECT is given mainly to individuals who have not responded to drug therapy or psychotherapy, and its administration involves little discomfort Questions Which of the following are considered to be the four major approaches to psychotherapy? - Cognitive - Behavioral - Psychodynamic - Humanistic The goals of psychodynamic therapy are to help individuals to do which of the following? - Recognize the role of early childhood experiences in the development of the individual’s problems

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