Ch 13 - PSY 101 Notes

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Jan 9, 2024

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Chapter 13 - Psychology 101 Notes Section 1: Approaches to Treating Psychological Disorders The Psychological Approach to Therapy - Clinical psychology is the area of psychology that integrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders The Biological Approach to Therapy - Psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in treating psychological disorders Section 2: Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Therapies - The psychodynamic therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual’s problems - The goal of psychodynamic therapies is to help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems - Psychoanalysis - Free association involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing - Catharsis is the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting experience - Dream analysis is a psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person’s dreams - Transference is the psychoanalytic term for the client’s relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive important relationships in the client’s life Humanistic Therapies - In humanistic therapies, people are encouraged toward self-understanding and personal growth - In contrast to psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thoughts Behavior Therapies - Behavior therapies use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior - Aversive conditioning entails repeated pairings of an undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior’s positive associations - Through aversive conditioning, people can learn to avoid behaviors such as smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol Operant Conditioning Techniques

- The idea behind using operant conditioning as a therapeutic approach is that just as maladaptive behavior patterns are learned, they can be unlearned Cognitive Therapies - Cognitive therapies emphasize the cognitions, or thoughts, are the main source of psychological problems, and they attempt to change the individual’s feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions - Cognitive restructuring, a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion, is central to cognitive therapies Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a combination of cognitive therapy, with its emphasis on reducing self-defeating thoughts, and behavior therapy, with its emphasis on changing behavior - Self-instructional methods are cognitive-behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior Therapy Integrations - Integrative therapy is a combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client Section 3: Biological Therapies - Biological therapies or biomedical therapies are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning - Drug therapy is the most common form of biomedical therapy - Electroconvulsive and psychosurgery are much less widely used biomedical therapies Drug Therapy - Psychotherapeutic drugs are used mainly in three diagnostic categories: anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia Antianxiety Drugs - Antianxiety drugs are commonly known as tranquilizers. These drugs reduce anxiety by making individuals calmer and less excitable - The most frequently prescribed benzodiazepines include Xanax, Valium, and Librium - Side effects include: drowsiness, loss of coordination, fatigue, and mental slowing Antidepressant Drugs - Antidepressant drugs regulate mood.

- The four main classes of antidepressants are tricyclics, such as Elavil - Tetracyclics such as Avanza - Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, such as Nardil - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft Tricyclics - Are believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and serotonin Tetracyclic - Drugs have effects on both norepinephrine and serotonin, enhancing brain levels of these neurotransmitters - MAO inhibitors are thought to work by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Target serotonin and work mainly by interfering only with the reabsorption of serotonin the brain Medication for Bipolar Disorder - Lithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder - Lithium is the lightest of the solid elements in the periodic table of elements Antipsychotic Drugs - Antipsychotic drugs are powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns - Neuroleptics are the most extensively used class of antipsychotic drugs - Neuroleptics do not cure schizophrenia; they treat is symptoms, not its causes - Another potential side effect of neuroleptic drugs is tardive dyskinesia, a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary random movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and mouth Electroconvulsive Therapy - The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) commonly called shock therapy, is to set off a seizure in the brain, much like what happens spontaneously in some forms of epilepsy. - ECT is given mainly to individuals who have not responded to drug therapy or psychotherapy, and its administration involves little discomfort Questions Which of the following are considered to be the four major approaches to psychotherapy? - Cognitive - Behavioral - Psychodynamic - Humanistic The goals of psychodynamic therapy are to help individuals to do which of the following? - Recognize the role of early childhood experiences in the development of the individual’s problems

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- Recognize the sources of their unconscious conflicts What therapy is based on Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to personality? - Psychodynamic Psychoanalysts using the technique of ___ association tell patients to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness - Free Freud referred to the release of emotional tension a person experiences when reliving an emotionally charged and conflicting event as ___ - Catharsis Since psychoanalysts believe that thoughts are related to mental distress are unconscious and hidden, they feel that dream analysis does which of the following? - Provides a valuable outlet for unconscious processes True or False: Transference is a psychoanalytic term for the client reliving important relationships via the therapist - True ____ therapy has the underlying rationale that people are basically good, have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially able to solve their own problems - Humanistic Therapies using __ techniques seek to help people understand themselves, self-actualize, and find ways to come closer to the ideal they hold for themselves - Humanistic Client-centered therapy is a humanistic therapy that emphasizes which of the following? - Helping to identify and understand the client’s genuine feelings - Providing a warm, supportive atmosphere - Encouraging the client to gain insight into problems A therapist who uses the technique of reflective speech does which of the following? - Mirrors the clients’ own feelings back to them A therapist who uses client-centered therapy and endeavors to create a warm and caring environment, never disapproving of the client as a person, is engaging in __ - Unconditional positive regard Which of the following are true of humanistic psychotherapy? - People are encouraged to understand themselves - The therapist emphasizes conscious rather than unconscious thought - There is an emphasis on peoples’ self-healing capacities In contrast to psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies emphasize ___ thoughts - Conscious Established by Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy attempts to help a patient by which of the following? - Helping patients identify and understanding their feelings When a client-centered therapist relates to a client with authenticity, the therapist does which of the following? - Lets the client know the feelings of the therapist

The psychodynamic approach and the humanistic approach are both examples of which more general term? - Insight therapy Which of the following types of therapy offers action-oriented strategies and uses principles of learning to help clients? - Behavioral therapy People are given a drug that causes vomiting and nausea whenever they drink alcohol. What is this an example of? - Aversive conditioning The therapeutic goal is gaining insight - Psychodynamic - Humanistic Dr. Addison is a behavior therapist. When she explains what she does, which of the following are included in the explanation? - Operant conditioning techniques - Classical conditioning techniques A therapist who views a maladaptive behavior as a learned behavior that can be unlearned subscribes to the ___ approach - Operant conditioning ___ treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and about themselves - Cognitive Which two of the following are goals of the cognitive therapist? - Changing patterns of thought presumed to cause maladaptive functioning - Identifying and challenging think that is self-defeating Changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion is called ___ - Cognitive restructuring Who identified the common logical errors in thinking as “perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence to the contrary”, “overgeneralizing on the basis of limited examples,” “magnifying the importance of undesirable events” and “engaging in absolutist thinking”? - Aaron Beck The philosophy of therapy that is based on operant conditioning is that maladaptive behaviros are ___ - Learned and can be unlearned True or False: Cognitive treatment works to change behavior or feelings by changing thoughts - True ____ ____ therapy combines reducing self-defeating thoughts and behavior change - Cognitive behavior Cognitive restructuring is designed to do which of the following? - Change a pattern of thought that is causing a maladaptive behavior - Change a pattern of thought that is causing a maladaptive emotion Which four of the following are erroneous ways of thinking associated with Beck’s approach to cognitive therapy?

- Magnifying the importance of undesirable events - Perceiving the world as harmful while ignoring evidence to the contrary - Engaging in absolutist thinking - Overgeneralizing on the basis of limited examples The cognitive-behavioral approach uses the dual strategies of ___ - Reducing self-defeating thoughts and changing behavior In the practice of integrative therapy, a therapist might do which three of the following? - Use a behavioral approach alongside a psychodynamic approach - Use a cognitive form of therapy and a medical treatment option - Treat the same individual with both psychotherapy and drug therapy ___ therapies are treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way an individual’s body functions - Biological Psychotherapeutic drugs are used mainly in which of the following diagnostic categories? - Mood disorders - Schizophrenia - Anxiety disorders Which of the following are examples of antianxiety drugs? - Xanax - Valium Which of the following are side effects of antianxiety drugs? - Fatigue - Loss of coordination - Mental slowness Which of the following are main classes of antidepressants? - Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Which FOUR of the following are side effects of the tricyclic antidepressant drugs? - Memory difficulties - Restlessness - Faintness - Sleepiness The SSRI type of antidepressant drug acts by doing which of the following? - Interfering with the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain Which of the following is NOT a side effect of the SSRI type of antidepressant drug? - Memory difficulties Antidepressant drugs - Increase or maintain the level of neurotransmitters in the brain - Regulate mood While the specific drug action is not clearly established, which of the following drugs is widely used to treat bipolar disorder? - Lithium Which of the following are true of tricyclic medications? - Tricyclics reduce depressive symptoms in 60 to 70 percent of people taking them

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- Tricyclics increase the level of certain neurotransmitters SSRI drugs work by increasing the levels of ___ in the brain - Serotonin What are the side effects of SSRIs - Headache - Anxiety - Reduced sexual functioning - Insomnia Kidney and thyroid gland complications are possible consequences of the use of which of the following? - Lithium While the exact mechanism is not known, ___ the drug used to treat bipolar disorder, is thought to influence mood by influencing ___ levels - Lithium - Norepinephrine and serotonin Antipsychotic drugs do which of the following in individuals with severe psychological disorders - Decrease hallucinations - Reduce tension - Improve social behavior - Diminish agitated behavior Neuroleptics are drugs that help the brain process which of the following? - Dopamine Which of the following is the best explanation of tardive dyskinesia? - It is a neurological disorder that is the possible consequence of taking neuroleptics MAO inhibitors are sometimes prescribed when it has been found that ___ have not been effective - Tricyclics ___ are the most widely used class of antipsychotic drugs - Neuroleptics Which procedure used in the treatment of severe depression involves an electric current being briefly administered to a patient’s brain? - Electroconculsive therapy Compared to cognitive therapy and antidepressant therapy, ETC ___ - Produces no side effects Moniz developed the original lobotomy procedure, and Freeman developed his own version using a surgical instrument similar to what? - An ice pick In ___ therapy, several unrelated people together meet with a therapist to discuss some aspect of their psychological functioning - Group When a patient does not respond to tricyclics, an alternative treatment for depression can be __ - An MAO inhibitor True or False: Electroconvulsive therapy sets of a seizure in the brain - True

Walter Freeman was responsible for introducing the psychosurgical procedure known as ___ __ - Prefrontal lobotomy

Ch 13 - PSY 101 Notes

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