Dramatic Differences With Cellular Networks: Dramatic Differences With Cellular Networks

With the increasing dependency on wireless networks, the need for proper reliability analysis for Mobile ad hoc networks (Manets) is also increasing. Failure of Manets in areas like warfare, nuclear reactors, medical equipment and airplanes can lead to catastrophe. Unlike traditional networks, measuring the reliability of Manets is a tedious task as it involves dynamically changing topology. The existing methods for calculating reliability use two terminal analysis as the basis for calculation. It uses the same method used for traditional computer networks to calculate reliability. However, the method is not very efficient when it comes to the wireless networks as they are far different from traditional networks. It is also a time consuming task to identify all the nodes and links in a wireless network as nodes move freely in the network. In This paper, We are going to discuss about NLN(Node-Link-Node) technique which reduces the complexity of analyzing the reliability in Manets.

ABSTRACT: An ad hoc network is a collection of nodes which are dynamically located in such a manner that their inter connections might change on continual basis. A routing protocol is required, to facilitate communication inside the network by discovering routes between the nodes. This research paper classifies various protocols and provides an overview about eight different protocols under varied categories.

The work flow is shown in fig 3. First simulating the MANET using AODV routing protocol with parametric values, which are explained in the section 4.1 . FRAHP, PFGA and PACO optimized models are explained in the subsequent sections. Next, comparing results one with another model to find optimal routing and comparing the performance results and using various calculations here finding the ranked routed from FRAHP model.

Ad hoc networks consist of a set of self-organized of mobile nodes which cooperate using a routing protocol to facilitate the communication. They have become very popular in recent years due to their characteristics: easy deployment, lack of infrastructure, dynamic topology, mobility and minimum commissioning costs.

Abstract: Wireless sensor networks is growing rapidly from the past few decades. Due to its scalability, wireless sensor networks is used in many applications. Among various wireless networks, Mobile Ad hoc networks has been one of the unique network. Unlike other network architectures, MANETs have no central architecture; every node is free to work both as a transmitter and receiver. Every single node can communicate freely with every other node which is in their communication range. Otherwise, it depends on neighboring nodes to relay messages. Due to this nature, MANETs are used in many missionary applications like military use and emergency recovery. However the wide distribution of MANETs makes it

This thesis primarily focuses on the safety problems from a network layer perspective. As mentioned in chapter 2, many routing protocols for MANETs exist although none of them address the foremost necessary issue, namely, security. So as to review the attacks and threats, and to plot a protocol that addresses them, an understanding of the operating setting is required. [10]

The Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithm is a routing protocol designed for ad hoc mobile networks. AODV is capable of both unicast and multicast routing. It is an on demand algorithm, meaning that it builds routes between nodes only as desired by source nodes. It maintains these routes as long as they are needed by the sources. Additionally, AODV forms trees which connect multicast group members. The trees are composed of the group members and the nodes needed to connect the members. AODV uses sequence numbers to ensure the freshness of routes. It is loop-free, self-starting, and scales to large numbers of mobile nodes.

Designing a foolproof security protocol for ad hoc routing is a very challenging task due its unique

The further sections of survey paper are organized as follows: Section 2 provides the introduction about the different routing algorithms that we are comparing. Simulation setup and data traces used are under Section 3. Metrics to calculate algorithm performance are under section 4. Section 5 shows the performance comparisons for all the routing algorithms. Default parameter settings are used for this purpose. The performance comparison includes the average message replication statistics of each protocol, packet drop ratio, the message delivery cost, message overhead ratio for a protocol, Number of redundant packets in the network, total message forwards required in each network and lastly the packet wastage index. Section 6 comprises of

Connectivity and topology control: Some approaches tried to improve the system reliability by carefully designing the connectivity or topology of wireless networks. Paper [50] addresses the problem of fault tolerant deployment of wireless ad-hoc networks. Based on the pre-assumed transmission range, the authors propose a scheme to calculate the probability that a given network is k-connected. Based on the intensive deployment, the redundant sensor nodes are used to cope the random working nodes failure. Following the similar idea, a distributed algorithm is proposed in [52]. By deploying calculated necessary number of extra nodes in the given network, the objective of fault-tolerant topology control can be achieved. However, due to the limited space and cost constraint, adding redundant nodes to a deployed WSN may not always be an acceptable solution. Another fault-tolerant topology control algorithm is presented by Li and Hou in [53], in which a spanning subgraph is computed by each node. If a pair of vertices is not k-connected, an extra edge will be added between these two vertices. The authors further prove that the resultant global network is k-connected. In [54], by considering the mobility of nodes, the author shows the mobility resilient topology control protocols. The author classifies the topology control protocols into two types. 1) In this case, the topology is built and maintained by each node based on its own knowledge about its neighbors. According to its own

Wireless Sensor Networks give an extension between real world and virtual systems. Wireless systems are grouped into Wireless Personal Area Networks, Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks and Wireless Local Area Networks. They are comprehensively isolated into two classes one is infrastructure-aided and infrastructure less. Portable ad hoc systems are self-sorting out systems of versatile nodes with no foundation so it is infrastructure less system. Transitional or sending nodes is utilized to build up correspondence between nodes. The directing conventions are required on the grounds that the nodes needs to move in the fancied way and the routing strategy plays an essential part in ad hoc systems.

Mobile ad hoc network is dynamic network topology without any central network for control. All the nodes in the network participate in networking functions like routing and packet forwarding as per the requirement. Nodes which  are in direct contact with each other communicate with single hop and those which are not in range takes multiple hops through intermediate nodes to reach destination

MANETs will be consisting of many digital devices, in which the node exhibits mobile nature. This has been a great challenge for researchers to build MANET where peer to peer communication has its own advantages as it reduces the overhead of maintain and monitoring an centralized servers. Due the rapid growth of interest of mobile users towards social networking applications, that allows them to share their files. This results in increase in number of mobile users to get used or joining such networks day by day.

Fi wireless networks is on demand topic of research in MANE. Ad-hoc network doesn’t depend on any central administration or stable infrastructure such as base. While nodes are moving in the network they interchange the information to each other and may continue to move here and there and so the network must be prepared.Mobile devices are not having the centralized control, therefore they are free to move, and hence the topology of such network changes expeditiously. In the mobile Adhoc system, a number of influences such as physical obstacles movement, unwanted noise, and climate circumstances contribute to the trouble of precisely forming the actions of the lifetime of a link among two mobile nodes. The excellence of service must fulfil source end to destination end data packet transfer without packet loss. Data packets routed between a sender node (source) and a receiver node (destination) of a MANET often traverse along a path spanning multiple links, which is known as the multihop path.

Abstract—Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of wireless network. A Wireless ad-hoc network is a temporary network with no network infrastructure. The nodes communicate with each other, they co-operate by forwarding data packets to other nodes in the network. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. Due to the security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. One of these attacks is the Sinkhole Attack. Sinkhole attack is a kind of routing attack in MANET. A sinkhole node tries to attract all the network packets to it-self from all neighboring nodes. This paper focuses on to detect and prevent sinkhole node. The detection techniques which make use of proactive routing protocol have better packet delivery ratio and correct detection probability. The detection techniques which make use of reactive routing protocols have low overheads, but have high packet loss problem. Therefore, using a hybrid detection technique which combines the advantages of