Exploring The Symptoms, Treatment, Prevention, And Statistics Of Chondrosarcoma And Osteosarcoma

The bone is made up of combined bones, bone marrow. Bone marrow is found in the middle of the main bone and it has blood vessles.There is two types of bone marrow are the red and the yellow. This type of cancer my effect the red blood cells, white blood cells, and

Ewing’s Sarcoma comes in several different forms: Ewing sarcoma of bone, Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma, Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), and Askin tumor. [3]The most prominent type is Ewing’s sarcoma is of the bone, having a high percentage of approximation 87

The name chondrosarcoma [pronounced “kahn-dro-sahr-cohm-ah”] is a derivative of the Italian prefix “condro-” meaning cartilage, and the Italian noun “sarcoma,” referring to the tumor creation process itself. The suffix, “sarcoma,” has Ancient Greek roots and actually signifies the tumor-growing process [“sarx” + “oma” meaning, “flesh process”]. Chondrosarcoma is a type of malignant tumor (often referred to as a cancer and is closely identified with bone cancer) that can sometimes spread to nearby tissues. Chondrosarcoma usually grows superficially on bone matter and exists in two types: primary and secondary. Primary CS is usually evident in children, while secondary CS is apparent in adults ranging in age from 30 to 70; however, the highest occurrence rate exists from ages 40 to 60. CS cases develop in women and men in a ratio of 150 to 100; this means that men are 33% more susceptible to being diagnosed with this type of cancer than women.

Osteosarcoma, deriving form primitive bone-forming mesenchymal cells, is the most common primary bone malignancy[1]. The incidence rates of osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution. It typically occurs during adolescence and has the second peak in older adulthood[2]. There is variability in location between age groups, but usually the osteosarcoma occurs most frequently in long bones. The etiology of osteosarcoma is currently being studied but still not well understood[3]. Several studies showed that age, gender and height are risk factors for osteosarcoma[4]. The overall survival (OS) of osteosarcoma has been improved significantly because of effective chemotherapy combination[5]. Studies showed that complete surgical resection with addition of chemotherapy has increased the 5-year OS to approximately 70%[5], but improvements in osteosarcoma survival during the last decade have been limited[6].

Fresh bone can form in response to cancer spread osteoblastic, grows abnormally and causes the bone to be weak and deformed (Fischer and Quinn, 2011).

Ewing’s sarcoma is a rare bone cancer.1-3 Ewing’s sarcoma is from the Ewing’s family of tumors.1-9 There are three types of Ewing tumors in bone and they include a classic Ewing’s sarcoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor or PNET, and Askin tumor which is a PNET of the chest wall. Ewing’s sarcoma is the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. It accounts for 2% of all childhood cancers.1-3 Ewing’s sarcoma accounts for approximately 10-15% of all primary bone tumors.2 It is slightly more common in males than females. The ratio has been described as 2:1 and 1.5:1.1-4 It was first discovered in 1921 by James Ewing.1,5 Ewing’s sarcoma is more common in Caucasians. It was described as a “diffuse endothelioma of bone” by Ewing.4 Ewing’s sarcoma can affect any bone. The most common sites are the lower extremities and pelvis.1-4 Tumors can occur in bone or soft tissue (extraosseous). This paper will discuss the causes, the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease.

Larger examples may necessitate resection and reconstruction with a bone graft (Mintz & Velez, 2007). Because of the presence of a fibrous capsule, the tumour typically easily comes out in one piece from its bony crypt during curettage (Slootweg, 1996, Waldron, 1993). This tendency to shell out in one or a few pieces clinically differentiates OF from FocOD. Microscopically, the presence of a fibrous capsule separating the tumour from adjacent bone can be a useful distinguishing feature (Waldron, 1993). Recurrence rate is highly variable according to different studies. Some authors claim it is very low or inexistent (Brannon & Fowler, 2001, Waldron, 1985), while others have reported a 12-28% recurrence rate (Eversole et al., 1985a, MacDonald-Jankowski, 2009b). Until now, no microscopic feature distinguishes the tumours that have a higher risk of recurrence (Eversole et al., 1985a). Long-term radiographic follow-up is therefore recommended for patients with OF. For cases with rapid growth, a tendency to recur, especially affecting children, a diagnosis of juvenile ossifying fibroma (JOF) should be considered. Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome, a rare autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the tumour suppressor gene HRPT2, should be suspected in patients presenting OF of the jaws, familial hyperparathyroidism, renal cysts and Wilms tumours (Chen et al.,

INTRODUCTION: Malignancy such as multiple myeloma and metastases to the bone, a common occurrence in advance-stage disease, may necessitate the use of bone–modifying agents such as anti-resorptive medications, including pamidronate and zolendronate (intravenous bisphosphonates), denosumab (humanised monoclonal antibody) and anti-angiogenics such as sunitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and bavacizumab (humanized monoclonal antibody). Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a well-known complication of bone modifying agents used in the prevention of skeletal-related events such as bone fracture, spinal cord compression, radiotherapy or surgery in patients with metastatic disease and patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia. The risk of developing MRONJ in patients treated for metastatic disease is higher compared to patients of osteoporosis. Steroids, tobacco, immunosuppressive therapy and comorbidities like diabetes mellitus have been associated with an increased risk for MRONJ.

The prognosis for osteoclastomas is good. Although the tumors are generally benign, pulmonary metastases can develop in some people. This causes death in 16%-25% of reported cases of osteoclastoma with pulmonary metastases. The mortality rate in patients with osteoclastomas that have not spread is only 4%. After treatment for osteoclastomas, it is recommended to get yearly check-ups for 5 years because a relapse is possible. Relapse from surgical procedures occurs anywhere from 5%-55% depending on the technique used and 10%-15% for radiation therapy. (Forsyth & Hogendoorn, n.d.)

There are hundreds and hundreds of various types of cancer, but the number one thing that cancers all have in common is that they occur when abnormal cells in a part of the body begin to grow uncontrollably. Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts by an abnormal growth of cells in the bones. Osteosarcoma is not considered to be a common type of cancer in general; however, it is the most frequently diagnosed bone tumor in adolescents and young adults accounting for nearly 3% of childhood cancers (Childhood Cancer Types/Common Cancers in Children", n.d.). It is important as advanced practice nurse to be aware of this very common condition in children, so that they receive the best care and treatment options available.

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary solid malignancy of bone, is defined by the presence of malignant mesenchymal cells that produce osteoid and/or immature bone. The number of osteosarcoma in adolescence is 8-11 million per year at age 15 -19. In contrast, the general population number is 2–3million per year . Males are affected 1:4 times more commonly than females

Osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm (1).

There are a wide variety of cancers affecting people and their loved ones everyday such as breast, lung, brain, and skin cancer just to name a few. Bone cancer is a rare type of cancer not talked about quite as often, but it still affects a large number of people. It is important to learn about bone cancer and its many manifestations in order to make quicker diagnoses and hopefully move closer towards finding a cure.

A common definition of bone cancer is cancer in the bones that has originated or spread from another place to the bone.”Cancer can begin in any type of bone tissue” (Cancer,gov). There are three most common forms of bone cancer Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors (EFSTs). Osteosarcoma arises from osteoid in the bone and mostly occurs in the knee and upper arm. It also occurs for people ages from 10 to 19 but can be with an adult at the age of 40. Chondrosarcoma begins in the cartilaginous tissue and most often in the pelvis, upper leg and shoulder. Also in cause of finding a cancer cell it can be classified as osteosarcoma.Found in adults over the age of 40. Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors are most commonly found in the bone is sometimes found in soft tissue like muscles, blood vessels, or fat. Often found in children under the age 19. Specialist thinks that according to the article, “EFSTs arise from elements of primitive nerve tissue in the bone or soft tissue” (Cancer,gov). EFSTs are found normally in backbone, pelvis, arms, and legs.

Bone cancer is a disease that occurs on or inside a bone. Usually, bone cancer involves a tumor filled with abnormal cells that will occasionally appear on the exterior of the bone. Similar to other types of cancer, bone cancer can be life threatening. Doctors are not completely sure what causes cancer, but they continue the search to find an answer. There are five different types of bone cancer that can affect people from ages 10-60 years old. Bone cancer can occur in any bone in the body from the legs to the head. Unfortunately, symptoms of bone cancer are not always obvious. Most of the time, pain is the most apparent symptom. When recognizing symptoms at an early stage, doctors can complete testing and supply treatment to