Organic Solvents : A New Approach For Organic Synthesis

Organic chemistry is the scientific study of organic materials, those that contain carbon atoms. Organic compounds are classified into families that are known as homologous series. The members of each homologous series share some common features. A homologous series is composed of compounds that have the same general formula (functioning group), usually the only differentiation is the length of the carbon chain or number of monomers. The difference in the length of the carbon chain can have an effect on many physical properties of the chemical, for example the boiling point. Alcohols are organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups is bound to a carbon atom. This group of compounds plays a key role in the world, ranging from alcoholic beverages to medicine to being important compounds in organic chemistry. Boiling point is the point at which liquids become heated to such an extent that its molecules begin to turn into a gas, this is due to the addition of energy to the molecules. Molecular mass is a number that equals the sum of the combined atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

Since most of the known biological catalysts are proteins two criteria are generally used for establishing the existence of enzymes. The first is that the rate of a reaction in the presence of an enzyme is greater than the rate in its absence. Because the uncatalyzed rates of most biologically important reactions are effectively zero, the mere

Condensation reaction is a chemical reaction that joins two reactants to form a larger molecule with the loss of a small molecule, usually water. 1 This reaction is used as a basis for many important process in the plastic/food industry. The most common being the formation of ester, also known as esterification. When a carboxylic acid is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a dehydrating agent, ester and water molecule are formed as products:

This report concerns the acid-catalyzed hydration of norbornene to produce exo-norborneol. Such hydration reactions of alkenes typically occur under acidic conditions so that a strong enough electrophile is available in solution for the nucleophilic double bond on the alkene to successfully attack it. This is to say, that if this reaction is done in water, with the hydrogen as the electrophile, the O-H bond is too strong for the double bond to effectively attack the hydrogen and detach it. If instead H3O+ is available in acidic conditions, the extra proton attached to the molecule is the electrophile; this electrophile is strong enough for the reaction to proceed.

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are all essential macromolecules for basic biological functions within an organism’s body, and other everyday applications. They are used in chemical reactions to achieve many results, such as energy storage, DNA coding, waste management, and a number of other uses. However, most of the chemical reactions involving macromolecules rely heavily on the shape and structure of the molecule; such as the amount of monomers in the macromolecule. The process of joining macromolecule monomers together is a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis, or also known as a condensation reaction. The functional groups of a macromolecule are reacted together to form various types of bonds, and produce water

In order to improve the reaction efficiency, reaction time was increased from 1h to 2h, which led to the drop of the desired product yield (however, yield of 2a decreased to 35%) (entry 4). Then, we examined the effects of increasing amount of TBHP and TBAB at reaction temperature of 80 °C for improving the reaction efficiency (entries 5-7) and the best result observed when, 50 mol%. TBAB and 8.0 equiv. TBHP were used (entry 7). Also, other additives such as TBPB, Aliquat 336, KI, CuI and element iodine (I2) were used. Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (TBPB) and Aliquat 336 gave the corresponding product 3a in 75% and 48% yields, respectively (entries 8 and 9) and KI, CuI as well as element iodine (I2) were ineffective to the CDC reaction (entries 10-12). Notably, no product was detected when, K2S2O8 and H2O2 as the oxidants were employed instead of TBHP (entries 13 and 14). In addition, The solvent screening studies indicated that no product was formed in the solvents such as PhCl, CH3CN, 1,4- dioxane and DMSO (entries 15-18). We also carried out a reaction without solvent of toluene (or under neat), led to the formation of product 3a with 40% yield (entry 19). In the absence of TBAB as additive (entry 20), 2a was not detected, which suggested that TBAB played the important role in this

Although the structures of the reactants for the reaction are known, the complete reaction mechanism is not known for certain. Specifically, the part of the mechanism that researchers are uncertain about is when the glycosidic bond is made. Two mechanisms have been proposed for the reaction. Because the substrate retained its configuration when a water molecule was

Isopentyl acetate, banana oil, is a naturally occurring compound that has a very distinct and recognizable odor. It is most commonly found in bananas but also can be found in other organisms.

Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood

As mentioned in the discussion, olive oil, vegetable oil, crisco, and lard were soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. This is due to the chemical composition of polar and nonpolar substances which results from the molecular shape as well as properties of dissolving solutes in solution. Polar substances are hydrophilic and contain polar Van Der Waals interactions (intermolecular forces) such as dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Nonpolar substances are hydrophobic and contain non-polar Van Der Waals interactions. ‘Like dissolve like’ is the reason only polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and why nonpolar solutes dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Molecules with similar polarity have similar intermolecular forces and therefore, can interact with each, or in this case dissolve9. Additionally, the solubility of a compound is determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain. Long hydrocarbon chains such as the one found in oleic acid makes a compound more insoluble10. Therefore, since the lipids used in this experiment were hydrophobic substances and each lipid has long hydrocarbon chains, the results were consistent with the scientific literature and principles.

Water is a great solvent. According to the article it says, “ Water is an excellent solvent.”Many different types of materials can dissolve in water - forming solutions. Water is the solvent that transports many essential molecules and other particles around the body. These include nutrients and waste products from the body's metabolic processes. Water is known as the universal solvent due to a greater number of substances that disintegrate in water than in some other compound. This needs to do with the extremity of each water particle. The hydrogen side of each water (H2O) particle conveys a positive slight electric charge while the oxygen side conveys a negative slight electric charge. This enables water to separate ionic mixes into their positive and negative particles. The positive piece of an ionic compound is pulled in to the oxygen side of water while the negative part of the compound is pulled in to the hydrogen side of the water.

More than one third of the drugs listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia fall into the poorly water-soluble or water-insoluble categories. It was reported a couple of decades ago that more than 41% of the failures in new drug development is attributed to poor biopharmaceutical properties, including water insolubility. Water insolubility can postpone or totally halt new drug development and can prevent much essential reformula-tion of currently marketed

I selected organic chemistry because honestly it looks like a very interesting topic. Before doing research on this topic the knowledge I had before about organic chemistry was that it has something to do with food. After doing research I found out that I was way off track. I learned that in the late 1820’s was when organic chemistry was stumbled upon. In 1828 Friedrich Wohler produce the organic chemical rued, a mixture of urine from inorganic starting Materials. This is now called the Wohler Synthesis. This was the first time a substance thought to be organic was made in the laboratory without any biological starting material. In the late 1850s organic chemistry was stumbled upon again. In 1856 William Henry Perkin accidentally produced an organic dye known as Perkin while he was trying to manufacture quinine. As you can see organic chemistry was kind of just stumbled upon. Well I've came to that conclusion in my research. This paper was so organic chemistry and how are use it today, how we've used it in the past, and how we are working to develop it.

Significance of work: Recent advances in the fields of synthetic biology and biochemical engineering have been fundamental in progressing the ability of engineers to sustainably and quickly produce specialty chemicals in bioreactors. Using well-characterized microorganisms to generate commodity chemicals is a scalable and cost-effective method for producing a plethora of complex products that are difficult to synthesize chemically. In fact, the workhorses of biology- enzymes- enable high specificity in biochemical transformations (for example, to isomerize small molecules, or to act on a specific isomer preferentially over a different isomer) that has not yet been possible via chemistry alone. Thus, applying the synthetic biology toolbox

Water is fundamental and critical to the proliferation of life on Earth. It enables the role of organic compounds to react in processes that allow DNA replication, protein and RNA synthesis, cell reproduction, cellular respiration, etc. Water also accounts for metabolic process, such as anabolism and catabolism, which dissolve the body’s solutes such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.