The Use Of Polymers

We found that Polypropylene was our 5th unknown. Polypropylene (C3H6) or more commonly referred to as PP, is used for labeling, packaging, textiles, and stationery. In 1957, the crystallization of polymer was discovered. Soon fabric was made from the polymer, and was in high demand. It can also be used for moldings of cars, film, tape, foam and carpet. Polypropylene can not be glued to any objects or itself, and so it is melded. After Polyethylene, Polypropylene is the highest produced synthetic plastic. Polypropylene also holds up well over time, which is one of the reasons that it is the second most produced plastic. The melting point is between 130-171 degrees celsius. Because polypropylene is tough and flexible it can be used as an engineering plastic. Finally, polypropylene can be used be manufactured into a living hinge. A

Polypyrrole is a conducting polymer which has non-degenerate conduction band in the ground state. The polarons and bipolarons are the dominant charge carriers in these polymers. The most widely accepted method of conductivity in these systems involve charge transport along the polymer chains, as well as hopping of carriers (holes, bipolarons). A common feature of intrinsically conducting polymers is the alternate double and single bond in the polymer backbone , referred as pi bond conjugation. The conductivity is due to four conditions namely, the existence of charge carriers, an overlap of molecular orbits to aid mobility of the carriers, mobility of pi bond and hopping of charges between polymer chains. These conducting polymers are similar to semiconductors with a filled valence band and an empty conduction band separated by energy gap. when polymers are doped new bands are created in the gap, making the paths for the electrons to move through these bands and increasing the conductivity of the materials. In the undoped form Polypyrrole is a insulator. The electronic and transport properties of the conducting polymers are mainly due to the major role of bipolarons. The positive charges commonly called as polarons created on the polymer backbone are responsible for electrical conductivity. The conductivity of polypyrrole depends on synthesis

Both natural and synthetic polymers are a vital part of our daily lives. Natural polymers are found in rubber, skin, hair etc. Synthetic polymers are found in nylon, polyester, plastic, chewing gum etc. This lab is demonstrating the properties of the common synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). It is often used as a thickener or stabilizer cosmetics but also in paper cloths, films and cements.

A look at the history of polymers reveals that many of the first discoveries were accidental. Since these discoveries, a whole new area of chemistry

P-aminophenol on diazotization gives diazonium salt. When 3-pentadecynyl phenol dissolved in chilled solution of KOH in methanol was added dropwise in diazonium salt solution gives red dye (Yield 80 %). Thus HPPDP have been synthesized as shown in Fig.10. Further, HPPDP dissolved in DMF as solvent followed by reaction with 1, 6- diisocynato hexane (HDI) to synthesize polyurethane.Changqing Fu et al. [62] has synthesized the polyurethane from aromatic cardanol (industrial grade) based polyol by using thiol–ene coupling (shown in Fig.9). The resulting polyols were then polymerised with Hexamethylene diisocynate (HDI) to produce the corresponding bio-based polyurethane. Thiol-ene chemistry, for synthesis of cardanol based polyol can be used to

My research involves the synthesizing polyamine starting from readily available building blocks—namely ethylene and carbon monoxide—and then using that to capture carbon dioxide, an undesirable greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming, from industrial processes. Currently, liquid amines are used industrially and while they are quite effective, they are costly, toxic, are not very recyclable, and degrade quickly. The novel use of a polymer as a material for this purpose could solve many of these issues.

and also due to risk factors involved in power generation using Nuclear Reactors we are forced to move to newer types of energy generation but also in terms of a clean energy ,Solar energy is one among such in terms of clean energy which has witnessed a great revolution in energy generation along past two decades. This Module deals with the Organic Solar Cells in other words Polymer solar cells. It comprises of Introduction to Organic solar cells,its production,cost involved etc.

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyPi), a linear polymer of tens to hundreds of phosphate residues is linked together by ‘high-energy’ phosphoanhydride bonds. The molecular structure of Pi is shown in Figure 1.below:

Phenylcyanamide derivatives can be readily prepared in high yields from the corresponding anilines [17]. The polymer of [Ag(4-NO2pcyd)]n have been prepared by adding of phenylcyanamide in acetone to a solution of AgNO3 in water. The infrared data for the phenylcyanamide ligand and polymer of silver(I) are listed in Table 1. The structure of [Ag(4-NO2pcyd)]n is shown in scheme 2. The identification of C-N vibrations is a very difficult task, since mixing of several bands is possible in this region. Silverstein and Webster [18] assigned C-N stretching absorption in the region 1382–1266 cm-1 for aromatic amines. In the present, the bands observed in the region 1300–1100 cm-1 in FT-IR spectrum have been assigned to C-N stretching vibrations

Eudragit RS and RL 100 polymers have been selected as a carrier for fabrication of nanofibers due to their nice stability, biocompatibility, and nice adhesion over skin due to excellent swelling property, and presence of surface charge. These charges can facilitate prolonged residence time and adhesion over targeted site (Haznedar et al, 2004). Their combination customize drug release, moreover presence of quaternary ammonium compound further check reoccurrence of microbial infection. Chemically these are copolymers of poly (ethylacrylate, methyl methacrylate and chlorotrimethyl-ammonioethyl methacrylate).

Polymer scientists have been trying hard to mimic this feature for the last twenty years creating called smart polymers. These are defined as polymers that go through reversible large, physical or chemical changes in response to small external changes in the environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic or electric field, ionic factors, biological molecules, etc. Smart polymers have very promising applications in the biomedical field as delivery systems of therapeutic agents, tissue engineering scaffolds, cell culture supports, bioseparation devices, sensors or actuators systems.

The days of doing research to improve mechanical and thermal like basic properties by adding nanofillers, surface modified long fibers, developing polymer blend system are becoming regular activities for manufacturers. The innovation need and ongoing research in polymeric materials are multi-functional and highly value creating for new product innovation, which can lead a new business and market growth. For example, recent past years, LED bulb market has seen significant growth, due to low cost manufacturing and highly energy

This paper covers advantages of organic semiconductors over the conventional one’s and also the use of organic semiconductors and polymers to make OLED’s and PLED’s.

I express my deep gratitude to Prof. Parameshwar Krishnan Iyer for introducing me to the field of organic electronics. I thank him for his guidance and inspiration and for the ideas and suggestion he gave which motivated me to pursue

Polymers are large molecules which comprise of repeating monomers in a single structural unit, and these monomers are bonded by covalent bond to form a polymer. On the other hand, organic polymer is mostly based on a chain of carbon atom alone or with oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen. In order to customize the properties of plastic, different group of molecules will ‘hang’ from the backbone.