Urinalysis Lab Report

The signs and symptoms of a person that has diabetes is that they lose weight without even trying to. Increased thirst and frequent urination – excess sugar building up in your blood-stream causes fluid to be pulled from the tissues. This may leave a person thirsty, causing a person to drink and urinate more than usual. People with diabetes have an increased hunger. Without enough insulin to move sugar into the cells, the muscles and organs becomes depleted by energy. This triggers intense hunger. People have weight loss, without the ability to metabolise glucose, the body uses alternative fuels stored in muscle and fat. Calories are lost as excess

Frequent urination leads to excessive water loss and dehydration, which seriously jeopardizes health. Being extremely thirsty is another symptom. A person becomes thirsty because of the loss of water through urine. Excess sugar concentrates the blood, which also triggers thirst. Fatigue occurs because glucose is unable to be effectively used as a fuel by muscle cells. They are "fuel deprived" and are less able to perform work. Dehydration also causes fatigue. Weight loss is another symptom of a diabetic. It may be slow or rapid. Lots of people with early diabetes actually eat more and still continue to lose weight. This is due to the amount of water loss and the increased breakdown of fat and protein tissues, as the body makes up for poor glucose utilization. Hunger is also a symptom because glucose is unavailable to cells as fuel. Blurry vision develops as the rapidly rising blood sugar levels cause fluid shifts in the lens of the eye. Lastly, infections of the gums, bladder, skin, and vagina become harder to treat. This is

Urinary catheterizations are both invasive and traumatic to the pediatric patient and increase the risk of acquiring an infection. The automatic catheterization of children with suspected urinary tract infection is often unnecessary, as evidenced by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, which reported "of 63% of febrile children screened for
UTI by urethral catheterization; screens were positive in only a
small percentage of cases, with cultures positive in only 4.3%" (Lavelle et al., 2016). Thus, a disconnect occurs in the actual necessity for the catheterization process. A less invasive technique, as proposed by Lavelle et al.’s employment of the urinary bag to retrieve urine samples prior to catheterization, provides an opportunity for new protocol in ED screening that does not increase treatment time, and does not compromise correct detection of UTI

It can also develop if the pancreas stops producing enough insulin. The cause for type 2 diabetes is also unknown, but genetics, inactivity, excess weight, poor eating habits, and environmental factors contribute to the disease. A few signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes are frequent urination and increased thirst. Fluid begins to be pulled from the tissue when excess sugar builds up in the blood stream. This causes the increased thirst and then in result, more frequent urination occurs. Another symptom is increased hunger. Your muscles and organs are lacking energy without the insulin that moves sugars into your cells. This is why type 2 diabetics suffer from extreme hunger. Weight loss occurs, although you may gorge to relieve the extreme hunger. The body uses the extra fuels stored in fat and muscle, because of the inability to metabolize glucose. When extra glucose is released in the urine, calories are lost. Fatigue is common because when your cells lack sugar, they become tired. Finally, blurred vision occurs when fluid is pulled from the lenses of the eyes due to high blood sugar. Sores become harder to heal and infections become common, as well as areas of darkened

More detailed lab tests might include blood testing of thyroid, B-12 and foliate levels, and for certain types of sexually transmitted disease.

This occurs when an excess volume of glucose is secreted from the blood by excessive levels of insulin. Symptoms of a patient experience hyper episode include passing more urine than usual, being thirsty, headaches, tiredness and lethargy. (Nhs.uk, 2015) When an individual blood sugar becomes to low the patient is said to have a hypoglycemic attack. Symptoms of a patient experiencing a hypo episode include tachycardia, increased blood pressure, increased pulse rate, sweating and anxiety. (Nhs.uk, 2015) Relating to Mrs M’s presenting feature was her shown symptoms from her hyperglycemic attack. This included the occurrence of polyuria, the excretion of large amounts of urine due to blood glucose levels exceeding the renal limit from osmotic diuresis. A second presenting feature that occurred from patients hyperglycemic attack was Polydipsia. This is excessive thirst due to electrolytes in cells and loss of fluid. Excessive thirst is one of the earliest symptoms of diabetes to develop/ and it is associated with excessive dryness in the mouth. Dehydration occurs when the level of glucose in the bloodstream becomes hyper-concentrated. Your kidneys then lose the extract glucose from water, this can be shown with a urine sample in that on a normal basis there would be no glucose present in the urine as it is all put back into the body however the osmotic pressure begins to build up

In lab we were given a test tube with a mixed culture and we were instructed to isolate the two microbes and perform tests to identify them. My first step was to mix up the tube and make an isolation streak onto a nutrient agar plate, to try and separate the microbes. On my isolation streak, only one type of microbe grew, so I tried again. From the growth I had, I performed a gram stain and I determined that the first microbe was positive. After my second try at an isolation streak, I still only had one type of microbe, so I took my original sample from the tube, and tried to grow my negative microbe on an EMB plate. An EMB plate is used to grow a negative microbe and inhibit the growth of a positive microbe. The EMB was ineffective because

Classic symptoms of diabetes usually presented with newly diagnosed diabetics are: hyperglycaemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, blurred vision, headaches, and unexplained weight loss. Ketone bodies are found in the urine, this abnormal finding occurs when fatty acid by-products (acetones) are excreted in the urine. The ketones are present from a lack of the insulin hormone used to metabolize fats and carbohydrates. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication which results from minimal useful insulin hormone in the body, hypoglycaemia, or insufficient food intake (American Diabetes Association, 2008).

There are links between high serum urate, hyperuricemia, and many inflammatory diseases, yet the mechanism is obscure. For humans, purine and ATP are broken down to urate, which builds up in plasma because we lack the enzyme uricase to promote its excretion as allantoin. Urate may benefit our health by acting as an antioxidant that scavenges reactive oxygen species. Yet, hyperuricemia is associated with gout, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. These inflammatory diseases are characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. During oxidative stress urate is oxidized to several reactive electrophiles including urate hydroperoxide. This novel oxidant could promote the pro-oxidant effects of urate.

Symptoms of early stage diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, and extreme

Generally these signs are mild enough that they can be easily ignored by the sufferer. The final diagnosis comes into place when some major health complication takes place. Generally this complication is the result of long-term elevated level of glucose in the bloodstream.

Diabetes can be diagnosed and monitored by either a random or fasting blood sugar test, oral glucose tolerance test and using HBA1c. The oral glucose tolerance test, which is considered as a gold standard, has proven to be more useful, especially in clarifying the diagnosis and considering impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia (Blann, 2013). In addition, it may also be diagnosed by noticeable symptoms which arise from high blood sugar. These includes polyuria (urination), polydipsia (thirst) and weight loss (despite adequate consumption of food), visual disturbances and at times frequent recurrent infection and exhaustion (REFERENCES). Where there is presence or absence of symptoms known as asymptomatic, the clinician will then request for a urine sample to check for the presence of glucose and a fasting plasma glucose level in your blood to confirm a clear diagnosis.The finger prick test is an appropriate test for all patients, it has been approved and backed up by the national quality assurance scheme. It enables health professionals to carry out finger-prick Hb/c tests by matching the results found in the laboratory to the quality assurance results. Laboratory venous HbA1c must be done to confirm the finger prick test in an accredited laboratory.

Some of the most common signs and symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. These symptoms cause a ripple effect and one causes another to happen. Polyuria is excessive urination that is very common in diabetes. This happens when excess sugar builds up in the blood, during which the kidneys work harder to filter and absorb the extra sugar that cannot be reabsorbed. This excess sugar is excreted in the urine along with large losses of water. This is also known as osmotic diuresis. This causes frequent urination and also can cause dehydration (Mayo Clinic, 2010). The dehydration then causes polydipsia, also known as excessive thirst. This is also caused by the increased level of blood glucose. This again, is caused when water is pulled from the cells and also from the large loss of water. When you lose sugar with polyuria you also lose calories which cause polyphagia. The body tents to hold on to the sugar and prevent it from reaching the cells which makes the body use fat stores and cellular protein for energy. This then leads to excessive hunger (Mayo Clinic, 2010).

Diabetes symptoms start off with, urges to urinate, and increasing thirst and hunger. But when diabetes is not treated carfully and properly it can damage vital organs and lead to

The most common symptoms of diabetes mellitus are chronic elevated blood glucose level. Glycosuria is a condition in which the kidneys excrete increased glucose as they are unable to reabsorb the excess amount. This leads to fluid and electrolyte excretion which leads to electrolyte imbalance and dehydration. Loss of glucose leads to increase in the use of fats and protein for the energy, which leads to accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood which leads to ketoacidosis (could be fatal).