2. Is reassortment between just one avian strain and one swine strain of influenza likely to pose a risk to humans? Why or why not?

Q: 4. If the malaria parasite is eradicated from an area where it used to be prevalent, what expect to…

A: When malaria is eradicated from a population, the frequency of the HbS allele in the population…

Q: influenza

A: introduction  The flu infections are described by divided, negative-strand RNA genomes requiring a…

Q: 4. At which stage of viral infection did these mutations most likely occur?

A: The spread of a dangerous virus within the body is called a viral infection. Tissue damage and the…

Q: 2. Describe the effect of the mutation that created the Hbs allele on the amino acid sequence of the…

A: A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during…

Q: 32. The Genome of Hepatitis B virus contains: A. 02 gene 8. 02 genes C 03 genes D.04 genes E 05…

A: Hepatitis B virus is a virus having DNA as genetic material. The genome is double-stranded DNA and…

Q: 1. Between antigenic shift and antigenic drift, which causes the greatest antigenic change? Which…

A: The virus influenza belongs to the Orthromyxoviridae family. Seasonal outbreaks are caused by…

Q: 2. You sequence the integrase protein region of two HIV viruses to investigate their differences.…

A: dS and dN values are the rate of synonymous and non-synonymous substitution, respectively. dN =…

Q: 1. What is xenotransplantation?

A: Ethical issues concerning the xenotransplantation include the animal rights, allocation of…

Q: Briefly explain how differences in TWO specific traits make evolution in whales slow and evolution…

A: The change in genetic material over time is called evolution. Mutations which are the changes in DNA…

Q: 3. Which ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, or XX) would provide these Olympic marathon athletes with an…

A: An individual's ACTN3 genotype may affect or interfere with athletic ability.The ACTN3 genotype has…

Q: Diagram the life cycle for a virus that uses an RNA-dependent DNA-polymerase.

A: Reverse transcriptase, also known as RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme that…

Q: 3. Human Papillomaviruses are characterised by all of the following EXCEPT A. A genome of…

A: Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a very common virus affecting different parts of the…

Q: 1. What impacts might mutations have on the transmission of the virus (COVID-19)? 2. At which stage…

A: COVID-19 is corona virus or we can say it as a respiratory virus which then transmit to severe…

Q: 1. A particular virus with DNA as its genetic materialhas the following proportions of nucleotides:…

A: The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains a large number of nucleotides.…

Q: 3) What is the most successful treatment during pregnancy to reduce transmission of HIV from mother…

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks cells in the body that help it battle…

Q: 2- Explain in detail what are the three main controversies of he GMOS

A: GMO (genetically modified organisms) are those organisms whose genome has been altered by gene…

Q: How would you be able to distinguish between a virus that is undergoing a lytic or lysogenic cycle?…

A: A virus is a parasitic organism that cannot replicate on its own. A virus, on the other hand, can…

Q: 3. Someone in your office has the flu. How would the social habits of your office cause other people…

A: Influenza: It is a Flu caused by Influenza virus. There are four types of Influenza virus- A, B, C…

Q: Describe the key contributors to and consequences of viral genome evolution, and state why RNA…

A: Genome is a set of information of genetic material for any organism.  Usually the genome is stored…

Q: 7. What is unusual about prions compared with viruses or bacterial pathogens that makes them so…

A: Thank you for the question  Answer  :- Prions are harmful proteins that are found in the brain.…

Q: 2. In Griffith's experiment, different combination of rough and smooth strains of Streptococcus…

A: Griffith Experiment :-  It was reported in 1928 by Fredrieck Griffith. It was the first experiment…

Q: 9. Why are new strains of Influenza more problematic?

A: Influenza is a acute respiratory disease which arises from zoonotic animals like bats and aquatic…

Q: 3. Imagine that you are a researcher at a pharmaceutical company charged with developing new drugs…

A: Answer: ANTI-VIRAL DRUG = These are the chemicals used to treat the infection causing pathogens,…

Q: 20) Which of the following factors do tuberculosis, pneumonia, and staph infections all have in…

A: Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease that is caused by bacteria i.e Mycobacterium…

Q: 1. Identify the type of chromosome mutation portrayed by the illustrations that follow. The mutation…

A: Please follow step 2 for detailed explanation.

Q: 7. In 2005 a typhoid outbreak in Delmas, South Africa., prompted the widespread testing of food and…

A: Typhoid- Typhoid is an illness caused by infection with a specific bacteria called salmonella typhi.…

Q: How do sialic acid conformations explain the difference between influenza strains that infect humans…

A: An influenza pandemic is a worldwide outbreak produced by a novel influenza virus against which…

Q: Discuss the characteristics of retroviruses. How do they act? How is their action different from…

A: Retrovirus are virus that has RNA as genetic material. When it infects the cell it first convert RNA…

Q: 14. You are studying two strains of C. diptheriae and find that one strain is fully capable of…

A: Difference:-  The difference between two strains of Corynebacterium diptheria, one of which can…

Q: 4. What in your opinion can the biomedical engineer do to help in the cure of COVID-19?

A: Biomedical engineering is the term used for the combination of biology and engineering or applying…

Q: 8. Salmonella has genes that allow it to survive acidic conditions like the stomach acid and the…

A: Salmonella  enterica  is a pathogenic bacteria,it evolves a specialized strategy to survive and…

Q: 1) Which of the following apply(ies) to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis? Choose all that…

A: Bacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, bacilli, or rod-shaped bacteria. B. anthracis is the causative…

Q: 1. When SARS-CoV-2 replicates in cells, mutations can occur in the virus's genome. Explain how a…

A: A mutation is a DNA alteration effecting the protein it encodes.

Q: 4During the multiplication of a bacteriophage in its host cell, the specific viral growth phase…

A: Viral replication has 7 stages: Attachment Penetration Uncoating Replication Assembly Maturation…

Q: 3. Describe the effect of malaria on the frequency of the Hbs allele in areas where is common: in…

A: The RBC contain hemoglobin that is responsible for transportation of oxygen throughout the body.…

Q: 3. In this time of pandemic, brought about by corona virus, the entire world is looking for the most…

A: VACCINE- A vaccination is a substance that is injected into a person's body to protect them from…

Q: 2. Luc Montagnier worldly renowned virologist, who first isolated HIV and Noble prize winner, wrote…

A: Montagnier a French viriologist and a Nobel Laureate claimed that coronavirus leaked from the…

Q: 1. What is the relationship between pandemics and evolution?

A: Biodiversity refers to the various forms of living organisms such as different species of micro…

Q: ii) Companies developing vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics for Covid-19 are being forced to scale up…

A: yes, because of the condition severity and demand, the high speed manufacturing required.

Q: 2) In the classic experiment discovering transformation (involving mice): a) F+ cells injected into…

A: Transformation process is defined as the acquisition of exogenous DNA by an organism in other words…

Q: 6. a) Some phages infecting bacteria possess the enzyme the bacterial cell wall, allowing the viral…

A: Viruses are the obligate parasite. They can replicate in living cells only.

Q: 4. Applying: Use your knowledge of molecular and cellular biology to explain how the following…

A: SARS COV 2 or corona virus has created havoc by causing  pandemic recently and is still showing its…

Q: 5) Can you diagonose influenza virus infections using some of the following techniques? (i) Western…

A: Influenza is a viral infection which directly attacks the immune system. This influenza is caused by…

Q: A man and a woman living in a tropical area where malaria is prevalent and health care is not…

A: The disease is known as the disorder of some structures and functions of living organisms. This does…

Q: 1.What are the target cells of SARS-CoV-2? What do these cells have in common? 2.Retroviruses, like…

A: The coronaviral genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid…

Q: 1. Explain the differences in the mechanisms of conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

A: Explain the differences in the mechanisms of conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

Q: 1.identify and describe the normal function of the cdc25 gene responsible for the observed cdc9-50…

A: We know that Protein complexes composed of two subunits . Which are as follows: Cyclin  Cyclin…

Q: 8) Is there any guaranteed way to avoid getting HIV? Explain why or why not.

A: *Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system and defense system. *…

Q: 13) A certain bacterial colony originated from the division of a single bacterial cell. Each cell in…

A: Bacterial colonies are prepared in order to isolate different strains of bacteria and obtain the…

Q: 3. Describe the effect of malaria on the frequency of the Hbs allele in areas where is common in…

A: Sickle cell anaemia results in the single amino acid change in the beta chain of globin protein that…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.