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- create a detailed flow chart or diagram that will illustrate all the important features of the glycolytic pathway. I want you to place in your flow chart or diagram the following important information like: 1. the reactants and products of each step, 2. enzymes involved in each step, 3. important by-products generated in some steps, 4. type of the reaction of each step, 5. and the outline of the two stages of the pathway. Also, discuss briefly (4 sentences) how Galactose and Fructose enter the glycolytic pathway.Which of the following statements about de novo purine synthesis is true? (A) Purine nucleotides are formed by separately synthesizing the phosphorylated ribose and the purine ring and then joining them together.(B) GMP is formed first and is used as a precursor to form AMP.(C) The synthesis of AMP from inosinate is driven forward by ATP hydrolysis. (D) GMP synthetase uses NADPH and glutamine to modify the inosinate ring to form GMP.(E) Replacement of the C-1 PPi on PRPP with an amine is required to construct the purine ring on the ribose sugar.1.. The sugar that occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals and many microorganisms. 2. This enzyme is inhibited in the glycolytic pathway whenever the cell has ample ATP and is well supplied by other fuels such as fatty acids. 3. The enzyme that is only present in the liver and kidney during glycogen utilization. 4. The glycolytic substrate responsible for the entry of Mannose in the preparatory stage of glycolysis. 5. What is the pathway involved during the lipid utilization into glucose in plants?
- A fatty acid (a long straight-chain carboxylic acid with an even number of carbons) is metabolized to acetyl- CoA, which can then enter the citric acid cycle to be further metabolized (Section 24.9). A fatty acid with anodd number of carbons is metabolized to acetyl-CoA and one equivalent of propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA cannot enter the citric acid cycle. Two coenzyme-requiring enzymes are needed to convert it to succinyl-CoA, acompound that can enter the citric acid cycle. Write the two enzyme-catalyzed reactions and include the names of the required coenzymes.The teenager had intense running exercise causing conversion of sugar to pyruvate to lactate. The cramping is due to the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles cells resulting in decreased intracellular pH. What enzyme reverses this reaction?Explain the purpose of the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (Don’t worry about the mechanism, just the purpose of the shuttle. Just one sentence here!). Suppose a cell could only rely on the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle and not the malate-aspartate shuttle, how would that affect the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose in that cell? How would this change the amount of ATP that could be generated from the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of palmitate in this cell?
- complex allosteric regulation of the aspartate transcarbamoylase reaction is significant because it links? a) citric acid cycle and catecholamine biosynthesis b)glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation c) opiate with neurotransmitter d) glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism e) amino acid and nitrogenous base metabolismGalactose can enter the glycolytic cycle but it must first react with ATP to form galactose-1-phosphate. Propose a mechanism for this reaction. OOOPO− −OOPO−O O−OPO−O OPO− OH AdO+ OOPO−Suggest a name for an enzymes that catalyzes each of the following reactions.1. Hydrolysis of Lactose 2. Oxidation of Nitrate3. Decarboxylation of Citrate4. Reduction of Exalate
- Step 4 of the pentose phosphate pathway converts ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate. Which glycolytic reaction does this reaction resemble and what type of enzyme catalyzes it?Which of the following is NOT TRUE about fatty acid biosynthesis? A. 8 NADPH is used to produce palmitate. B. The growing fatty acid chain is elongated by the sequential addition of two-carbon units. C. The process is repeated 7 times to produce palmitate. D. The process occurs in the cytosol.1. Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesisa) a)Write the overall net reaction for glycolysis. b) Write the overall netreaction for gluconeogenesis. c) What is the energy cost (assume ATP≡GTP) of transforming glucose to twopyruvate and back to glucose? d) What enzymes of glycolysis are bypassed in gluconeogenesis? e) What enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis? f) What enzymes are the sites of regulation in gluconeogenesis? g) Describe how glycolysis & gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated.