Starting with lactate, explain how phosphoenolpyruvate is produced. Include reactions of essential enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Explain the sites of action of these enzymes.
Q: Identify the means by which the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated.
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a convergence point in the regulation of the metabolic finetuning between…
Q: Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
A: Lipoic acid is essentially used in aerobic processes. It is important biological compound for the…
Q: Explain what will happen to reactions of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex when there is a deficiency…
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex formed by 3 enzymes that converts pyruvate into…
Q: Which of the following enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate? O a) Pyruvate…
A: Proper anaerobic conditions allow lactate to be produced from pyruvate. In the aerobic conditions,…
Q: The tricarboxylate transport system supplies cytosolic acetyl-CoA for palmitate synthesis. What…
A: The biosynthesis of plamitate requires acetyl-CoA and also the input of chemical energy in two forms…
Q: Outline the steps involved in the production of malonylCoA from acetyl-CoA.
A: Fatty acids are the long hydrocarbon chain compound attached to the carboxylic group making the…
Q: Explain how the conversion of alanine to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) can be identified as an oxidation…
A: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, loss of electrons, and loss of hydrogen from an atom. The oxidation…
Q: Write a balanced equation for the conversion of glycerol into pyruvate. Which enzymes are required…
A: Gluconeogenesis means the production of a glucose molecule from the non-carbohydrate substrate. The…
Q: Give one metabolic intermediate that is released as pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate…
A: Glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway to synthesize energy in the form of ATP and…
Q: Explain the role of the coenzymes NAD + and NADH in each reaction. a. pyruvate-------> acetyl CoA…
A: Coenzymes : It is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyse a reaction.
Q: To understand the entire glycolytic pathway better, kindly complete the table Structural activator…
A:
Q: If the malate-aspartate shuttle is inhibited under aerobic conditions, then lactate production…
A: Energy must be supplied to the cell continuously so that the cell maintains the functions and…
Q: Write the chemical equation for the conversion of 4 moles of glucose to pyruvate via glycolytic…
A: Glycolysis is the biochemical conversion of 1 mole of glucose into 2 moles of pyruvate. This…
Q: Arrange the intermediates of galactose metabolism via gycolysis in order trom the first intermedate…
A: Galactose is a monosaccharide having same chemical formula as glucose. It is a C-4 epimer of…
Q: When 1 mole of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is converted to 2 moles of pyruvate via the glycolysis…
A: Hexokinase or glucokinase uses ATP and a phosphate molecule to transform glucose to…
Q: Explain in bioenergetic terms how the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: What is the effect of an increase in the levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) on glycolysis.…
A: Amid the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate, which is the as it were…
Q: Identify the three important products of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway AND indicate how…
A: The Oxidative Pentose Phosphate pathway is a metabolic pathway alternative to glycolysis for…
Q: Calculate the number of molecules of ATP produced for partial oxidation of palmitate to…
A: Beta-oxidation of Fatty acid (FA) is a cyclic process in which FA is shortened by acycl-CoAs. Two…
Q: Identify the Krebs cycle enzyme that consumes a six-carbon substrate molecule, producing a…
A: Kreb's cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle is a aerobic respiration process in which acetyl CoA is…
Q: What are the effects of Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency? Explain its mechanism of…
A: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase is an important Enzyme of redox metabolism in RBC in which it…
Q: Number of electrons generated in oxidation of 1 glucose to 2 pyrvuate in glycolysis. _ Number of…
A: Enzyme catalyzed reactions during aerobic respiration can be grouped into three major processes:…
Q: How many ATP can be produced by the complete oxidation of each propionyl-CoA product of fatty acid…
A: Complete oxidation of fatty acyl CoA takes place during Krebs cycle which produced reduced…
Q: Complete the following sentence by selecting the correct cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
A: Introduction:- PDH connects the citric acid cycle and subsequent oxidative phosphorylation to the…
Q: The following reactions are encountered in the metabolic cycles. Give the main class of enzymes that…
A: Enzymes are the biocatalyst that increases the rate of biochemical reaction by decreasing the…
Q: Consider the complete oxidation of one mole of the fatty acyl CoA of myristic acid (14:0).
A:
Q: Briefly describe the fate of pyruvate in metabolism under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions
A: Aerobic glycolysis occurs in presence of oxygen where oxidation of glucose takes place and converted…
Q: If the Cori Cycle was operating as part of lactate recycling, would the pentose phosphate pathway…
A: The muscle cells require energy for the contraction and relaxation cycle. The energy is obtained…
Q: The coenzymes required for the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are a. biotin,…
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase was a multifunctional enzyme that was located in mitochondria and catalysis…
Q: Describe the gluconeogenesis. What are the substrates for gluconeogenesis? (yellow boxes) and write…
A: All living organisms are made up of cells. The cells are the basic structural and functional unit of…
Q: Distinguish between catalytic coenzymes and stoichiometric coenzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
A: The Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consists of five different coenzymes such as thiamine…
Q: Describe in detail the structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
A: Introduction The formation of Acetyl-CoA from Pyruvate formed after Glycolysis is regulated by a…
Q: What is the function of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase? catalyzes the transfer of a…
A: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. It catalyses…
Q: hexokinase catalyzes the first reaction of the glycolysis pathway. What may happen if there is…
A: Glycolysis The step in respiration in which single 6 carbon molecule glucose converted into 2…
Q: Starting with pyruvate (CH3COCOO—) as the precursor, the first step of gluconeogenesis is…
A: Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process that results in the transformation of non-carbohydrate…
Q: Show a balanced equation for the synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA via the glyoxylate cycle
A: The glyoxylate cycle is a cyclic pathway that converts two molecule of acetyl-CoA to one molecule of…
Q: In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form…
A: All cells require energy (ATP) to carry out various cellular processes, such as active transport,…
Q: Explain the reasons for the oxidation of acetate through complex pathways in the citrate cycle.
A: TCA or tricarboxylic acid cycle is the second step of aerobic cellular respiration. It is an…
Q: Explain why pyruvate cannot be converted to glucose in an exact reverse of the glycolysis pathway.
A: Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and releasing energy in the process.…
Q: Identify the structure of the metabolites below, and name their glycolytic enzyme and metabolic…
A: Glycolysis is a process in which the glucose is broken in to two molecules of the private. The…
Q: Explain why it makes metabolic sense for acetyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis,…
A: Acetyl-CoA : It is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein,…
Q: Discuss the metabolic control for HMG CoA reductase synthesis and activity
A: HMG CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, or HMGCR, is the primary rate-limiting…
Q: Describe the role played by each enzyme, cofactor, andcoenzyme of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
A: Introduction: The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is done by oxidative decarboxylation. This…
Q: What is the ATP yield from lactate if lactate is fully catabolized aerobically? (Note: This process…
A: Pyruvate is converted to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH) under anaerobic conditions.…
Q: Name all the oxidoreductases involved in glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and the TCA…
A: Oxidoreductases are a group of enzymes that take part in an oxidoreduction reaction. They catalyze…
Q: Avidin is a protein that binds extremely tightly to biotin, so avidin is a potent inhibitor of…
A: Avidin is a protein that blocks the biotin enzyme.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.Study Figure 19.18 and decide which of the following statements is false. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by· NIADH. Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by AΤΡ. Citrate synthase is inhibited by NADH. Succinyl-CoA activates citrate synthase. Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase.Radiotracer Labeling of Pyruvate from Glucose Determine the anticipated location in pyruvate of labeled carbons If glucose molecules labeled (in separate experiments.) with 14C at each position of (.tie carbon skeleton proceed through the glycolytic pathway.
- Briefly describe the fate of pyruvate in metabolism under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions.Starting with pyruvate (CH3COCOO—) as the precursor, the first step of gluconeogenesis is activation of pyruvate. Show the reaction for activation of pyruvate. Name the enzyme and coenzyme for this reaction. Why is the activation step necessary? What is the next step after the activation step?Indicate which of the pathways for pyruvate acetyle CoA, lactate, and/or ethanol occur under each of the following conditions.
- Define GLUCONEOGENESIS. Give three reasons why is gluconeogenesis important in the Cori cycle?In the first stage of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate iscleaved to form glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The latter molecule can then be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Illustrate themechanisms whereby these reactions occurExplain why it makes metabolic sense for acetyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis, to activate pyruvate carboxylase.
- Briefly describe the role and location of each cofactor/coenzyme involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.Explain why the use of the ATP analog below in the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase might lead to a carboxylated ATP derivative rather than the normal product oxaloacetateWhich of the following is NOT a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase c. pyruvate dehydrogenase d. dihydrolipoyl catalase