Acetyl COA (ACC) is a critically important molecule in metabolic pathways. This molecule can be used for gluconeogenesis or fatty acid synthesis. It can also proceed through the TCA cycle to generate energy. ACC is allosterically regulated. Which of these molecules would be a negative allosteric regulator of ACC? A) citrate B) ATP C) palmitoyl COA D) glucose E) acetyl COA
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- Can you explain the process of beta-oxidation for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and the synthesis of even-numbered saturated fatty acids, including the reactants, enzymes involved, and products, and provide a visual representation of the pathways?Why is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) an important step in glycolysis? How is the isomerization of F6P back into G6P prevented?Two carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as acetyl-CoA. In what form are two carbon atoms removed from the cycle?
- What is the major purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway? What cofactor (coenzyme) is used?Which reactions of the citric acid cycle transfer energy as FADH2?Name four amino acids that can be converted directly (in one step) into pyruvate or a citric acid cycle intermediate, and name the intermediate formed from each.
- Name the anabolic pathway that synthesizes fatty acids.Mechanistically, how does NADPH facilitate the removal of an oxygen atom from intermediates in fatty acid synthesis?Name three enzymes that are likely the source of bicarbonate ion that is involved with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate? In the Ubiquitin pathway, why are there many more E3 proteins than E1 and E2 combined?
- The glycine cleavage system is a group of four enzymes that together catalyze the following reaction: Use the following information to determine the sequence of reactions carried out by the glycine cleavage system:a. The first enzyme is a PLP-requiring decarboxylase.b. The second enzyme is aminomethyltransferase. This enzyme has a lipoate coenzyme.c. The third enzyme synthesizes N5,N10-methylene-THF and also forms +NH4.d. The fourth enzyme is an FAD-requiring enzyme.e. The cleavage system also requires NAD+ .Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?