Arrange the following statements regarding the processes of protein metabolism starting from Step 1 to Step 10. • Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCI • Active transport takes place • Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines • Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate • Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptides Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Enters the Kreb Cycle • Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins
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- Arrange the following statements regarding the processes of protein metabolism starting from Step 1 to Step 10 Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Enters the Kreb Cycle Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate Active transport takes place Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptidesArrange the following statements reagarding the process of protien metabolism starting from 1 to step 10. Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Enters the Kreb Cycle Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Active transport takes place Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptides Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamateWhich of the following statements are true concerning the activity of bile salts? (Assessing Lipase Activity on Lipid Digestion) Choose from the following: (A) bile salts work by a chemical process (B) bile salts work by a physical process (C) bile salts act as an enzyme (D) A and C (E) B and C
- Describe the process of CHO digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, SI, enterocyte, and LI. Describe the function of alpha-amylase (salivary and pancreatic). Describe the difference in the digestion of amylose vs amylopectin and glycogen. Describe the function of each enzyme responsible for carbohydrate breakdown. Focus on how each enzyme is different and their important contribution to digestion of different types of carbs. Describe the three types of transport necessary for CHO absorption. Identify which monosaccharides can be absorbed for each mechanism. Describe general regulation of CHO absorption. Describe the normal response of blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon to eating a CHO-containing meal. Describe how insulin secretion is stimulatedAll of the following are true with respect to alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, except:A. It inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase B. It decreases enzymatic conversion of oligo- to monosaccharidesC. It lowers postprandial glucoseD. It causes gastrointestinal disturbances.E. It may cause development of hypertension.Describe the main actions in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine during lipid digestion and absorption. Describe the substrate(s) and product(s) of each of the give major enzymes we discussed: lingual lipase, gastric lipase, pancreatic lipase, phospholipase A2, and carboxyl ester lipase. Describe emulsification of lipids. Why does this need to happen for digestion and absorption to occur? Describe how lipids are absorbed at the apical membrane. Describe lipid transport in the enterocyte. Describe lipid transport across the basolateral membrane and into circulation. Define the brain-gut axis and give examples of how lipids impact. Give examples of symptoms related to malabsorption of lipids. Give examples of diseases/conditions involving malabsorption of lipids.
- Fructose and glucose are both monosaccharides, but the body metabolizesthese sugars differently. For example, glucose stimulates insulin releasefrom the pancreas (see section 28.4); fructose does not. Moreover, insulinstimulates leptin release. Finally, fructose is more likely than glucose tobe converted to fat. Use this information to propose an explanation for thecorrelation between the skyrocketing consumption of high fructose cornsyrup since 1970 and the rise in obesity during the same period.About protein digestion what activates the zymogens in pancreatin specifically trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen , Procarboxypeptidase, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase in protein digestion? Please explainDescribe the process of chemical digestion of our three major macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as one travels down the human digestive tract. Where does chemical digestion begin for each one of these? Where does chemical digestion continue for each one of these three, and where is this process completed? In your description, please include the enzymes involved
- A drug that reduces blood cholesterolhas the effect of stimulating the production of bile salts. Howmight this result in lower blood cholesterol? Hint: There aretwo ways.Determine the location within the human body where each of the following aspects of carbohydrate digestion occurs. 1. The enzyme sucrase is active 2. Hydrolysis reactions converting polysaccharides to disaccharides occur 3. First site where breaking of glycosidic linkages occurs 4. The monosaccharide glucose, fructose, and galactose are produced 5. Pancreatic enzyme is active 6. Hydrolysis reaction converting disaccharide to monosaccharide occur 7. Monosaccharide enter the bloodstream 8. The primary site for CHO digestion is located here. 9. Gastric juice is present 10. Salivary amylase is present here.The absorption of triacylglycerols in the small intestineis an energy-requiring process that involves hydrolyticreactions to yield monoacylglycerol and fatty acids. Aftertheir transport into enterocytes, fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are reconverted into triacylglycerols. Suggest areason why triacylglycerols are not absorbed directlywithout the hydrolytic reactions.