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- Based on Figure 2.13, which element has the lowest ionization energy? Does this agree with a Google search for lowest ionization energy?
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- When β-carotene is oxidized in vivo, it breaks in half and forms two molecules of retinal (vitamin A), which is a precursor to the pigment in the retina responsible for vision. The conjugated system of retinal consists of 11 C atoms and 1 O atom. In the ground state of retinal, each level up to n = 6 is occupied by two electrons. Assuming an average internuclear distance of 140 pm, calculate (a) the separation in energy between the ground and first exciteted state in which one electron occupies the state with n = 7, and (b) the frequency of radiation required to produce a transition between these two states. From your results, correct the following sentence (from the options in brackets). The absorption spectrum of a linear polyene shifts to (higher/lower) frequency as the number of conjugated atoms (increases/decreases).An electron is accelerated through an electric potential toa kinetic energy of 2.15 x 10-15 J. What is its characteristicwavelength? [Hint: Recall that the kinetic energy of a movingobject is E = 1/2mv2, where m is the mass of the object and n isthe speed of the object.]Write the steady-state symbol for the following atoms11Na , 37Rb , 55Cs , 87Fr , 3Li
- Consider a collection of 10,000 atoms of rubidium-87, confined inside a box of volume (10-5 m)3. Suppose that T = 0.9Tc. How many atoms are in the ground state? How close is the chemical potential to the ground-state energy? How many atoms are in each of the (threefold-degenerate) first excited states?Bohr’s model can be used for hydrogen-like ions—ions thathave only one electron, such as He + and Li2+ . (a) Why isthe Bohr model applicable to He + ions but not to neutral Heatoms? (b) The ground-state energies of H, He + , and Li2 + aretabulated as follows: By examining these numbers, propose a relationship betweenthe ground-state energy of hydrogen-like systems and thenuclear charge, Z. (c) Use the relationship you derive in part(b) to predict the ground-state energy of the C5+ ion.for C2H2 1- Calculate the separation at which the minimum of the potential energy occur.2- verify that at this minimum the potential energy V = ─ .3- Choose values of r such that all characteristic points and areas are shown clearly on the graph. Let the x-axis be r in pm
- What values of J may occur in the terms (i) 1S, (ii) 2P, (iii) 3P? How many states (distinguished by the quantum number MJ) belong to each level?How does quantum computing impact the simulation and prototyping of advanced materials and chemical compounds?Vanadium tetrachloride (VCl4 ) is a bright red colored liquid with a vapor pressure of 5x10-2 torr at 298K. What is the expected orbital angular momentum in the ground state of VCl4(g) ?