1. The diagram shows a structure of a lipid molecule. What is the name of this type of lipid? b. How many ester bonds are present in this molecule? c. After the lipid molecule above is fully hydrolysed, the polyunsaturated fatty acid enters B-oxidation. (i) How many rounds of ß-oxidation will the polyunsaturated fatty acid go through? а. (ii) Using omega system (@) and delta system (A) to name the polyunsaturated fatty acid.
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- 1. The following unsaturated fatty acids can be found in seminal fluid and act on smooth muscles. a.Linoleic acids b.Oleic acids c.Prostaglandins d.Nervonic acids 2. The process involved when fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage is? a.hydrolysis b.oxidation c.phosphorylation d.esterificationWhat would happen to the functionality of cholic acid if 3 additional hydroxyl groups were added to the side of the molecule that usually has none? (In other words, there would be 6 hydroxyl groups evenly distributed around the molecule. A. There would be more thorough (better) digestion of fats. B. It would mix with the watery phase of chyme. C. It would mix with lipids in the fatty phase of chyme. D. Chemical digestion of lipids would be less effective. E. Both choices A and B are correct. F. Both choices B and D are correct.Consider olive oil, an oil with a high percentage of fat derived from oleic acid (otherwise known as cis[18:1] fatty acid). a, Explain why such a structure may allow olive oil to be one of the "healthier" oils? b, why such a structure may allow olive oil to be a liquid at room temperature, while butter and lard are solid at room temperature? c, why such a structure may cause olive oil to be prone to oxidative damage upon exposure to air and heat?
- 1. What reactive groups are involved in the joining of glycerol and fatty acids?2. Which one of these reactive groups is part of the glycerol molecule?3. Which one of these reactive groups is part of the fatty acid molecule?Which of the following statements is true of the β - oxidation of an unsaturated fatty acid? a. It is identical to the β-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid. b. It involves an extra step to convert a cis double bond to a trans double bond. c. It involves an extra step to convert a trans double bond to a cis double bond. d. It is completely different from the β-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid.a) What amino acid is metabolite 1? b) What kind of reaction occurs when 1 is converted to 2? c) What kind of enzyme performs the reaction converting 1 to 2? d) What biomolecule (a) is needed for the reaction to occur? e) What biomolecule (b) is produced in addition to 2? f) What happened to metabolite 3 when it was converted to 4? g) What kind of enzyme might perform the conversion of 3 to 4? h) What cofactor(s) would be required in the conversion of 3 to 4? i) What kind of reaction happens when 4 is converted to 5? j) What kind of reaction happens when 5 is converted to 6? k) What is the name of metabolite 7? l) What is the name of metabolite 8?
- a)What is the hydrolysis mechanism of carbohydrates?• Polysaccharides ?• Disaccharides ?b) State the differences of chemical structures of glucose, fructose and galactose? c) What is reducing sugar?d) Why glucose and/or fructose syrups used in food industry?Which is true of reducing disaccharidess: a) One sugar has an unlinked anomeric carbon b) the anomeric carbons of both sugars are linked c) both sugars are ketoses d) one sugar is a ketose and the other is an aldose Amylose differs from amylopectin in that amylose is: a) branched b) unbranched c) required in the diet d) found only in bacteria The structure of glycogen most closely resembles that of: a) cellulose b) amylose c) amylopectin d) egg albumin The structure of cellulose differs from that of amylose in which way? A) cellulose uses fructose while amylose uses glucose b) cellulose has branches while amylose does not c) amylose has branches while cellulose does not d) cellulose has beta-links while amylose has alpha links The following sugar is commonly found in nature: a) L – fucose b) L-glucose c) L-ribose d) L – galactose Hyaluronic acid is classified as a: a) peptidoglycan b) ketohexose c) glycosaminoglycan d)…1. Which of the following is a structural component of a triacylglycerol? a. fatty acids b. glycerol c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 2. Which is TRUE regarding fatty acids? a. It contains a polar hydrocarbon chain. b. It is a component of oils and fats. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 3. What happens in the stomach during lipid digestion? a. formation of micelles b. hydrolysis of lipids by salivary lipase c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 4. Which process does NOT happen in the small intestine during lipid digestion? a. secretion of bile salts b. formation of micelles c. absorption of long-chain fatty acids by the enterocytes d. a, b, and c are the correct answer. 5. Which of the following describes the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase? a. It hydrolyzes the bond between the fatty acids and glycerol. b. It emulsifies the lipid droplet into smaller globules. c. both a and b d. neither a nor b 6. What is the correct sequence of events during lipid digestion? I.…
- 1.A fatty acid with 14 carbon atoms will undergo how many cycles of beta oxidation * 2.An unidentified fluid is received in the laboratory with a request to determine if the fluid is urine or another body fluid. Using routine laboratory tests, what tests would determine that the fluid is most probably urine1. Discuss fully the synthesis of triacylglycerol in the adipose tissue, muscles, intestines and liver. 2. Describe adequately the beta-oxidation of fatty acids. 3. Discuss the synthesis and utilization of ketone bodies.What is the percentage (%) of glutamate that is protonated at pH 6.0? pKa of glutamate R-group is 4.2What is the percentage (%) of glutamate that is protonated at pH 6.0? pKa of glutamate R-group is 4.2