DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase I catalyze the formation of phosphodiester bonds. What is the activated intermediate in the linkage reaction catalyzed by each of these enzymes? What is the leaving group?

Q: Which of the following enzymes adds incoming deoxyribonucleotides/deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates…

A: DNA replication is defined as the process by which a molecule of DNA is replicated or duplicated.…

Q: Adenylate cyclase, which synthesizes cyclic AMP from ATP, requires two metal ions, and the enzyme…

A: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things.…

Q: Prokaryotic DNA is normally slightly negatively supercoiled, which can lead to "DNA breathing". How…

A: DNA breathing is defined as the short and temporary or in other words a transient opening of nucleic…

Q: What is the importance of the 3' to5' exonucleasevactivity of DNA polymerase

A: Enzymes serve as biological catalysts that fasten the rate of reaction by lowering the activation…

Q: Which of the following processes require DNA ligase?

A: The genetic engineering is the process that uses several enzymes and mechanism to make organisms…

Q: The topoisomerase enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of the relaxed and supercoiled forms of DNA…

A: DNA replication is the process of the formation of identical copies of DNA. It occurs in nucleus of…

Q: List and describe the function of the ten subunits constituting DNA polymerase III. Distinguish…

A: Introduction  DNA pol III is the primary enzyme which leads the DNA replication system. It is a…

Q: What distinguishes topoisomerase type I from topoisomerase type II (“gyrase”) in E. coli bacteria?

A: Those in science which participate in overwinding aur underwinding of DNA are called topoisomerases.…

Q: In one, simple sentence define the function of the following 1. Helicase  =  2. Alpha subunit of…

A: DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into…

Q: Sometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is added to the growing DNA…

A: Point mutation : It occurs as result of replacement of one nucleotide by other. point mutation bring…

Q: primase The enzyme synthesizes the RNA primers required for DNA replication. Why are the RNA primers…

A: DNA has a double stranded structure. During DNA replication, the DNA double helix unwinds & each…

Q: The telomeres of a linear chromosome are made of identical directly repeated DNA sequences. How does…

A: Telomeres:These are the special DNA caps in the eukaryotic chromosomes that prevent the loss of…

Q: If DNA polymerase requires a perfectly pairedprimer in order to add the next nucleotide, how is it…

A: DNA polymerases are enzymes that manufacture DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, which are the…

Q: Suppose that 28% of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule are deoxythymidine 5′- monophosphate, and that…

A: DNA is a double stranded helical polynucleotide. It usually consists of two helices, sequences of…

Q: The DNA polymerase cannot start making a new DNA polymer out of nothing, it needs preexisting…

A: DNA molecules makes their own identical copies by a process known as DNA replication. It takes…

Q: Considering prokaryotes, what is the enzyme that helps hold DNA polymerase III in place when…

A: In prokaryotes, replication is a process by which it makes identical copies of DNA. The process…

Q: Explain why the bending of the double helix to form a superhelix falls into the area of geometry or…

A: Nucleic acids are important biomolecules. Nucleic acids are of two types. These are DNA…

Q: It was once thought that the DNA polymerase machinery moves along DNA in a manner analogous to a…

A: DNA polymerase is defined as the family of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of new…

Q: All known DNA polymerases catalyze synthesis only in the 5' → 3' direction.  Nevertheless, during…

A: DNA replication is the process of making two identical copies of DNA. The process is carried by the…

Q: You have discovered an enzyme secreted by a particularly virulent bacterium that cleaves the C2′—C3′…

A: Introduction: DNA, also known as deoxyribose nucleic acid is made up of nucleotides which comprises…

Q: Is it unusual that the β-subunits of DNA polymerase III that form a sliding clamp along the DNA do…

A: DNA pol II is the primary enzyme involved in DNA replication. It is a mutiprotein  complex that…

Q: During high stress environments, it has been found that some bacteria activate a genetic mechanism…

A: The given enzymes are used in the replication process. It is a process wherein the genetic material,…

Q: eant by non-classical DNA-dependent DNA polymerases? What roles do they play in our cells?

A: DNA polymerases are enzymes that assemble nucleotides, DNA's building components, to form DNA…

Q: What similarities and differences exist in the enzymatic activities of DNA polymerases I and III?…

A: The process of replication in living cells requires a set of enzymes and DNA dependent DNA…

Q: Deoxyadenylate residues in DNA undergo deamination fairly readily, as do deoxycytidylate residues.…

A: Deoxyadenylate : It is one of the monomeric units that constitute whereas AMP is one of the…

Q: Which DNA repair systems you think might be capable of repairing a situation where T is in one…

A: DNA repair is a process by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules. Most…

Q: You prepare a reaction mix containing (i) DNA polymerase II, (ii) DATP, dCTP, DGTP, Mg2+, and…

A: DNA replication is considered a process, during which new strands are synthesized.

Q: What is the function of DNA helicase and what is the function of the DNA polymerase?

A: DNA helicase It untwists the double helix and separates the two DNA strands. The DNA polymerase is…

Q: How is DNA copied with leading and lagging strands? Please use these terms in a summary: Helicase…

A: DNA is the molecule which comprises of two polynucleotide chains that wound around each other for…

Q: What is a true statement about the leading and lagging strands during DNA synthesis? The leading…

A: Ans : Correct statement for the above question is - The lagging strand is created due to DNA…

Q: Adenylate cydase, which synthesizes cyclic AMP from ATP, requires two metal ions, and the enzyme has…

A: Nucleophile is a chemical species with more electrons. This chemical species donates its electron…

Q: Both DNA polymerase (any DNA polymerase) and ligase catalyze the formation of a bond between…

A: Both DNA polymerase and DNA ligase are essential for DNA replication and works to create two…

Q: Kornberg showed that nucleotides are added to the 3' end of eachgrowing DNA strand. In what way does…

A: It is majorly present within the nucleus. DNA can exist in different levels of complexity.  Primary…

Q: Cytosine

A: Introduction :- A mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a way as to alter…

Q: DNA polymerases cannot initiate DNA synthesis without a primer, a section of nucleic acid having a…

A: Primase is an RNA polymerase which produce short strand of primer required by DNA polymerase in DNA…

Q: Mutation of subunit epsilon (ɛ) of DNA polymerase II will result in an E. coli strain that has a…

A: Question -Mutation of subunit epsilon (ε ) of DNA polymerase lll will result in an E. coli strain…

Q: Aflatoxin B1 is a highly mutagenic and carcinogenic compound produced by certain fungi that infect…

A: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are commonly known molds in soil, hay, grains, and…

Q: Describe how helicase, topoisomerase, and single-strand binding protein are important for the…

A: DNA replication is the process of copying the DNA of the cell. The copying of the DNA must be…

Q: What is the difference between primase and DNA polymerase alpha?

A: DNA is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double…

Q: hat is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA polymerase.?

A: A DNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps in the synthesis of DNA molecules by using nitrogenous…

Q: A mutation in which of these proteins will lead to increased mutations in all daughter cells? A.…

A: The mutation is a heritable change that arises due to the alteration of the genomic sequence of an…

Q: What enzymatic features of DNA polymerase prevent it from replicating one of the DNA strands at the…

A: The bacterial chromosome is usually circular in shape: hence it can be completely replicated by the…

Q: In eukaryotes, what is meant by the term DNA replication licensing? How does the process occur?

A: BASIC INFORMATION DNA Replication  It is the process in which there is production of the replicas…

Q: . A closed circular supercoiled DNA is relaxed by treatment with topoisomerase. No matter how much…

A: DNA topoisomerases are enzymes that relieve the topological strains in the DNA by creating single or…

Q: DnaA proteins bind to repeated binding sites on the DNA double helix, helping to recruit the…

A: Replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two…

DNA and RNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is usually called the blueprint of life. Deoxyribose is a monosaccharide that has a key function in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. One less oxygen-containing hydroxyl group occurs in deoxyribose sugar. Nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, is one of the natural components. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double-stranded molecule. Watson and Crick postulated the double-stranded model of the helix. A deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecular group that carries and transmits genetic information from parents to offspring. All eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are involved.

DNA as the Genetic Material

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long polymeric nucleic acid molecule discovered in the late 1930s. It is a polymer; a long chain-like molecule made up of several monomers connected in a sequence. It possesses certain characteristics that qualify it as a genetic component. Certain organisms have different types of nucleic acids as their genetic material - DNA or RNA.

Genetics

The significant branch in science which involves the study of genes, gene variations, and the organism's heredity is known as genetics. It is also used to study the involvement of a gene or set of genes in the health of an individual and how it prevents several diseases in a human being. Thus, genetics also creates an understanding of various medical conditions.      

DNA Replication

The mechanism by which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is capable of producing an exact copy of its own is defined as DNA replication. The DNA molecules utilize a semiconservative method for replication.