ерохide hydrolase P450 HO Но Benzo[a]pyrene BP 7,8-epoxide BP 7,8-dihydrodiol P450 N. NH N. NH Но 1 FIGURE 23.8 Metabolic activation of a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, followed by reaction of the activated dihydrodiol epoxide with DNA но Но OH OH BPDE-deoxyguanosine adduct a DNA DGMP residue. Some H atoms in BP 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) the structures are omitted for simplicity.
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Of the four DNA bases, why is guanine most likely to be modified after exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene, as shown in Figure 23.8? (Hint: Consider the pKa values of the four DNA bases.)
![ерохide
hydrolase
P450
HO
Но
Benzo[a]pyrene
BP 7,8-epoxide
BP 7,8-dihydrodiol
P450
N.
NH
N.
NH
Но
1 FIGURE 23.8 Metabolic activation
of a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon, followed by reaction of
the activated dihydrodiol epoxide with
DNA
но
Но
OH
OH
BPDE-deoxyguanosine adduct
a DNA DGMP residue. Some H atoms in
BP 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide
(BPDE)
the structures are omitted for simplicity.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa768be20-150c-4f1f-beca-9ca6ef1e6cad%2F771ac109-0be1-4429-8dbe-607717eed8e9%2Fb3e0q8o_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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