List the functions of the antigen-binding site and Fc region of antibodies, and briefly describe how each occurs.

Q: (b) Describe the role of invariant chain, CLIP, HLA-DM in the antigen presentation process.

A: MHC Class II molecules are a class of large molecules of histocompatibility complex (MHC) usually…

Q: Describe the five major classes of antibodies, and explain their structure and functions?

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are large, Y-shaped protein molecules used by immune system for…

Q: Explain the term antibodies?

A: Lymphocytes are white blood cells that the body's immune system helps fight infections. There are…

Q: Illustrate the structure of an antibody molecule. Label the constant and variable regions, the Fc…

A: An antibody, also referred to as an immunoglobulin, may be a Y-shaped structure which consists of 4…

Q: Define polyclonal antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Y shaped soluble glycoproteins that are produced in response to the antigens by…

Q: explain the mechanisms of immunoglobulin proteins.

A: Immunoglobulin is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans,…

Q: Describe three circumstances that might cause antibodies to developagainst self tissues.

A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…

Q: Define immunological tolerance, and explain mechanisms that may be responsible for T and B…

A: The lymphocyte is the type of white blood cell present in the vertebrate immune system. Lymphocytes…

Q: Serum sickness does begin immediately upon the production of anti-BSA antibodies. How does the…

A: Introduction : A hypersensitive reaction is characterised by an immune response to an antigen that…

Q: describe the actions of antibodies against diseaseagents;

A: A huge, Y-shaped protein utilized by the immune system to recognize and nullify foreign substances,…

Q: Explain the consequences of antibody binding of antigen

A: Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism against the antigen. Antigen refers to the foreign…

Q: When encountering antigen, describe the mechanism of antigen presentation by B cells.

A: Antigen presenting cell or APC is any cell that can process and present a part of antigen in…

Q: following terms briefly? Immune Respo

A: The most prominent feature of immune system is is the feature of possessing memory. Memory is a very…

Q: Explain Protein-ligand binding of antibodies.

A: A ligand refers to a substance that serves a particular function when it binds to a biomolecule. It…

Q: Briefly describe the structure of an antibody and relate this structure with its functions

A: Antibodies are the antigen-binding glycoproteins that are synthesized exclusively by B- cells and in…

Q: Describe the structural and functional differencesamong the five major classes of antibodies.…

A: Antibodies: Antibodies are a type of globular proteins that belongs to family immunoglobulin (Ig)…

Q: How do the Fc and variable regions of antibodies differ?

A: The structure of all immunoglobulins consists of four chains: two identical light chains and two…

Q: Distinguish between antigens and antibodies and explain the  structure of an antibody molecules

A: The immune system functions to protect the body from foreign bodies. There are two types of the…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: Diagram and describe 5 outcomes of antibody binding

A: An antibody also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig) is a large, Y shaped protein used by the immune…

Q: List the classes of antibody and discuss their diagnostic significance

A: Antibodies is also known as immunoglobulin (Ig). Antibodies are Y shaped proteins produced by plasma…

Q: ribe the reason that it is useful that antibodies have two antigen binding arms.

A: By the time B lymphocytes reach lymphoid tissue, they have developed their own set of antigens. This…

Q: Differentiate among antibody classes using structuralcharacteristics, distribution patterns, and…

A: Introduction  Antibodies are also known as Immunoglobulins as they resemble globulin which usually…

Q: Identify how antigen-antibody reactions are detected and quantified

A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…

Q: describe the structure and five types of antibodies;

A: Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells and they are also known as immunoglobulins. They…

Q: Describe the attachment of antibodies to antigens. What eventuallyhappens to the antigens?

A: Antibody, likewise called immunoglobulin, a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: Write role of SDS-PAGE in monoclonal antibodies production

A: SDS-PAGE is a gel electrophoresis technique that separates the proteins based on the mass of the…

Q: Determine the features of antibodies that make them particularly suited for forming complexes with…

A: The human body has about 37 trillion cells in total, although a significant portion of them are…

Q: List the effects of antibodies binding to antigens

A: Antigen-antibody communication, or antigen-antibody response, is an interaction between chemicals…

Q: Explain the process used to produce monoclonal antibodies and the reasons that they are produced.

A: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single cell through cell division. While antibodies produced…

Q: Explain how the secondary response to an antigen isfaster and greater than the primary response.

A: Immune response is a function of a human body which work as a body gaurd or a protector to the body.…

Q: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare itto an epitope recognized by a TCR.

A: Given: Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and compare it to an epitope recognized by a…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions.

A: Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the aspects of immune reactions, antibody…

Q: Describe an immunoassay (and the steps involved) in which you could detect the presence of a…

A: 1.   An epitope, otherwise called antigenic determinant, is the piece of an antigen that is…

Q: Name the type of cells that produce antibodies?

A: The antibody is also called immunoglobulin that is a protective protein produced by the immune…

Q: Describe in detail the information on what a Monoclonal Antibodies is

A: One way the immune system of the body attacks foreign agents is by producing large number of the…

Q: Contrast the general functions of the different antibody classes.

A: Antibody also known as immunoglobulins are Y shaped molecules that forms the major part of the…

Q: Discuss the difference between the primary response and the secondary response to antigen exposure.

A: The immune system's ability to recognise and respond to previously encountered antigens is referred…

Q: Define hypersensitivity. List three types of hypersensitivity reactions. For each, note whether…

A: The immune system is responsible for the defence of the body against pathogens.

Q: Explain and describe about the antibody significance

A: Structure and function of antibodies: Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called…

Q: Define the term antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule. Proteins are the biomolecules composed of one or many…

Q: Explain how innate, antibody-mediated, and cellmediated immunity can function together to…

A: Introduction Immunity is the potential of our body to defend against pathogens and keeps our body…

Q: Discuss three differences between antigen and antibodies

A: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms that can cause humans to become ill or die depending on the…