FIGURE 10.1 Organization of sequences in bacterial chromo- somal DNA. Key features: • Most, but not all, bacterial species contain circular chromosomal DNA. CONCEPT CHECK: What types of sequences constitute most of a bacterial genome? Origin of replication • Most bacterial species contain a single type of chromosome, but it may be present in multiple copies. •A typical chromosome is a few million base pairs in length. • Several thousand different genes are interspersed throughout the chromosome. The short regions between adjacent genes are called intergenic regions. One origin of replication is required to initiate DNA replication. H Genes ant • Repetitive sequences may be interspersed throughout the chromosome. Intergenic regions w Repetitive sequences

FIGURE 10.1 Organization of sequences in bacterial chromo- somal DNA. Key features: • Most, but not all, bacterial species contain circular chromosomal DNA. CONCEPT CHECK: What types of sequences constitute most of a bacterial genome? Origin of replication • Most bacterial species contain a single type of chromosome, but it may be present in multiple copies. •A typical chromosome is a few million base pairs in length. • Several thousand different genes are interspersed throughout the chromosome. The short regions between adjacent genes are called intergenic regions. One origin of replication is required to initiate DNA replication. H Genes ant • Repetitive sequences may be interspersed throughout the chromosome. Intergenic regions w Repetitive sequences

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter17: Metabolism: An Overview

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13P: What Art the Features of the Series of -omes? Define the following terms: a. Genome b. Transcriptome...

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What Art the Features of the Series of -omes? Define the following terms: a. Genome b. Transcriptome c. Proteome d. Metabolome e. Fluxome
In a sequence encompassing 99.4 percent of theeuchromatic regions of human chromosome 1, Gregoryet al. [(2006) Nature 441:315–321] identified 3141 genes. Q: How does one identify a gene within a raw sequence of bases in DNA?
This image shows DNA (gray) interacting with a computergenerated model of a TAL protein (multicolored), one of afamily of proteins found only in a species of the bacteriumXanthomonas. The bacterium uses proteins like this one to findspecific gene sequences in cells of the organisms it infects, suchas tomatoes, rice, and citrus fruits. Given what you know aboutDNA structure and considering the image above, discuss howthe TAL protein’s structure suggests that it functions
Researchers who study the molecular mechanism of transformationhave identified many proteins in bacteria that function in theuptake of DNA from the environment and its recombination intothe host cell’s chromosome. This means that bacteria have evolvedmolecular mechanisms for the purpose of transformation by extracellularDNA. What advantage(s) does a bacterium derive from importing DNA from the environment and/or incorporating it into its chromosome?
Match each of the terms in the left column to the bestfitting phrase from the right column.a. exome 1. a discrete part of a protein that provides a unitof functionb. de novo gene 2. a nonfunctional member of a gene familyc. gene desert 3. the joining together of exons in a gene indifferent combinationsd. pseudogene 4. most frequent residues, either nucleotide oramino acid, found at each position in asequence alignmente. syntenic block 5. set of genes related by processes ofduplication and divergencef. orthologs 6. chromosomal region with the same genes inthe same order in two different speciesg. naturalselection7. genes with sequence similarities in twodifferent species that arose from a commonancestral geneh. consensussequence8. genes that arose by duplication within aspeciesi. gene family 9. genomic DNA sequences containing exonsj. paralogs 10. gene-poor region of the genomek. alternativeRNA splicing11. recently evolved from intergenic DNAsequencesl. protein domain 12. progressive…
A molecular marker is a found at a specific siteon a chromosome that has properties that allow it to be . a. colored dye, visualized via microscopyb. colored dye, visualized on a gelc. segment of DNA, uniquely identified using molecular toolsd. segment of DNA, visualized via microscopy
On further analysis of the DNA described in conceptual questionC21, you discover that the triplex DNA in this alien organism iscomposed of a double helix with a third strand wound within themajor groove (just like the DNA in Figure shown). How would youpropose that this DNA is able to replicate itself? In your answer,be specific about the base-pairing rules within the double helixand which part of the triplex DNA would be replicated first.
In the very first round of PCR using genomic DNA,the DNA primers prime synthesis that terminates onlywhen the cycle ends (or when a random end of DNA isencountered). Yet, by the end of 20 to 30 cycles—a typicalamplification—the only visible product is defined pre-cisely by the ends of the DNA primers. In what cycle is adouble-stranded fragment of the correct size first gener-ated?
. The double-stranded circular DNA molecule thatforms the genome of the SV40 tumor virus can be denatured into single-stranded DNA molecules. Becausethe base composition of the two strands differs, thestrands can be separated on the basis of their densityinto two strands designated W(atson) and C(rick). When each of the purified preparations of the single strands was mixed with mRNA from cells infectedwith the virus, hybrids were formed between the RNAand DNA. Closer analysis of these hybridizationsshowed that RNAs that hybridized with the W preparation were different from RNAs that hybridized withthe C preparation. What does this tell you about thetranscription templates for the different classes ofRNAs?
Please help with all of these! thank you so much! Neutral regions of a species’ genome that are distant from any selected sites have apairwise diversity (?) of 0.01. Other regions of the genome have reduced genetic variation,and selective sweeps could be responsible for the reduction. Assume that selective sweepshappen at a rate of 10^-10 per bp, and they take 500 generations to reach fixation. Therecombination rate in regions where selective sweeps might occur is 10^-8 per bp. Theeffective population size of the species is 10^5. A. Find the expected genetic diversity (? per bp) in regions where selective sweepsmight be occurring.B. Find the deleterious mutation rate (per bp) that would be required to produce anequivalent reduction in genetic diversity as a result of background selection (BGS)?Assume the same recombination rate as above.
Wild-type E. coli takes up and concentrates a certain redfood dye, making the colonies blood red. Transposonmutagenesis was used, and the cells were plated on fooddye. Most colonies were red, but some colonies did nottake up dye and appeared white. In one white colony, theDNA surrounding the transposon insert was sequenced,with the use of a DNA replication primer identical withpart of the end of the transposon sequence, and the sequence adjacent to the transposon was found to correspond to a gene of unknown function called atoE, spanning positions 2.322 through 2.324 Mb on the map(numbered from an arbitrary position zero). Propose afunction for atoE. What biological process could be investigated in this way, and what other types of white colonies might be expected?
• High-throughput technologies allow parallel sequencingof millions of individual DNA molecules. These newmethods are rapidly driving down the cost of _____________ and whole-genome sequencing.