Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Figure out the mRNA and amino acid sequences each mutant gene would code for and compare them to the original protein
DNA is a double-stranded structure and has genes in a form of coded sequence. The template strand of the gene transcribes itself into a complementary mRNA strand. the mRNA sequence is used for the translation of the genetic information into a polypeptide chain. The mRNA sequence is read in the form of triplets known as codons. Each codon codes for one of the twenty amino acids.
Mutation#4
Deletion- Frameshift mutation
In this type of mutation, one or more nucleotides are lost or deleted from the DNA segment resulting in the shifting of the reading frame of the base sequences. Due to deletion, the reading frame shifts in the backward direction.
|
|
template strand |
coding strand |
mRNA |
Amino acid sequence |
|
1 |
T |
A |
A |
Methionine or start codon |
|
2 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
3 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
4 |
A |
T |
U |
Cysteine |
|
5 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
6 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
7 |
A |
T |
U |
Tyrosine |
|
8 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
9 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
10 |
A |
T |
U |
Stop codon |
|
15 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
16 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
17 |
T |
A |
A |
Stop codon codes for the termination of the polypeptide chain synthesis. Hence, no further translation will take place in this case of a frameshift mutation. |
|
18 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
19 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
20 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
21 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
22 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
23 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
24 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
25 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
26 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
27 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
28 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
29 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
30 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
31 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
32 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
33 |
T |
A |
A |
The amino acid sequence for the given strand with frameshift mutation will be met-cys-tyr-stop.
Mutation#5
Insertion- Frameshift mutation
In this type of mutation, one or more nucleotides are added in the DNA segment resulting in the shifting of the reading frame of the base sequences. Due to insertion, the reading frame shifts in the forward direction.
|
|
template strand |
coding strand |
mRNA |
Amino acid sequence |
|
1 |
T |
A |
A |
Methionine or start codon |
|
2 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
3 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
4 |
A |
T |
U |
Cysteine |
|
5 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
6 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
7 |
A |
T |
U |
Tyrosine |
|
8 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
9 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
10 |
A |
T |
U |
Phenylalanine |
|
11 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
12 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
13 |
C |
G |
G |
Glutamic acid |
|
14 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
15 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
16 |
C |
G |
G |
Aspartic acid |
|
17 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
18 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
19 |
A |
T |
U |
Cysteine |
|
20 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
|
G |
C |
C |
|
|
|
A |
T |
U |
Serine |
|
21 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
22 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
23 |
G |
C |
C |
Proline |
|
24 |
G |
C |
C |
|
|
25 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
26 |
C |
G |
G |
Glycine |
|
27 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
28 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
29 |
C |
G |
G |
Glycine |
|
30 |
C |
G |
G |
|
|
31 |
A |
T |
U |
|
|
32 |
T |
A |
A |
|
|
33 |
T |
A |
A |
|
Amino acid sequence of the DNA strand with insertion-frameshift mutation: met-cys-tyr-phe-glu-asp-cys-ser-pro-gly-gly-
There is no stop codon and the the last two neucleotides are also not in the form of triplets.
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