• How does the hormone getfrom its secretory gland to itstarget tissue?• Are steroid hormoneshydrophobic or hydrophilic?• How are steroid hormonestransported to targettissues?• When the steroid hormonebinds to the nuclear receptorit dimerizes and binds toHRES?What are the HRES?When the NR dimer binds toHRES how does it effect genetranscription?Serum binding proteinwith bound hormoneHormoneAltered cellfunctionNewprotein4DNA2HREmRNAPlasmamembraneFigure 12-30Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Seventh Edition2017 W. H. Freeman and CompanyCytosol 1translationon ribosomesNucleusNuclearreceptorRNApolymerasetranscription 3Gene2Hormone, carried to the target tissue onserum binding proteins, diffuses across theplasma membrane and binds to its specificreceptor protein in the nucleus.4Hormone binding changes the conformationof the receptor; it forms homo- or heterodimerswith other hormone-receptorcomplexes and binds to specific regulatoryregions called hormone response elements(HRES) in the DNA adjacent to specific genes.3 Receptor attracts coactivator or corepressorprotein(s) and, with them, regulatestranscription of the adjacent gene(s), increasingor decreasing the rate of mRNA formation.Altered levels of the hormone-regulated geneproduct produce the cellular response to thehormone.ytosol

Since there are multiple questions in the image, I will explain the entire signaling cascade.…

Answered: How does the hormone get from its…

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter16: Gene Expression

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 28CTQ: A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering behavior impacts the stress response in their...

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1. During the formation of the limb bud, the components of the zeugopodium develop in the presence of: a. High concentrations of Fgf and low concentrations of Gli b. High expression of Hox genes 9 and 10 c. High expression of Hox genes 10 and 11 d. Intermediate concentrations of Retinoic Acid and Wnt e. Low concentrations of Retinoic Acid and Fgf f. a and b g. a and c h. c and d i. b and e
Expression of a homeotic gene in the wrong tissue inDrosophila results in the development of an inappropriatebody part from that tissue. Explain why this happens andhow it shows that homeotic genes are positive regulators ofdevelopmental pathways.
A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering behavior impacts the stress response in their pups. Rats that were born and grew up with attentive mothers showed low activation of stress-response genes later in life, while rats with inattentive mothers had high activation of stress-response genes in the same situation. An additional study that swapped the pups at birth (i.e., rats born to inattentive mothers grew up with attentive mothers and vice versa) showed the same positive effect of attentive mothering. How do genetics and/or epigenetics explain the results of this study?
The oscillatory clock that drives somite forma-tion in vertebrates involves three essential componentsHer7 (an unstable repressor of its own synthesis), Delta (atransmembrane signaling molecule), and Notch (a trans-membrane receptor for Delta). Notch is bound by Delta onneighboring cells, activating the Notch signaling pathway,which then activates Her7 transcription. Normally, thissystem works flawlessly to create sharply defined somites(Figure Q21–2A). In the absence of Delta, however, onlythe first five somites form normally, and the rest are poorlydefined (Figure Q21–2B). If a pulse of Delta is suppliedlater, somite formation returns to normal in the regionswhere Delta was present (Figure Q21–2C). A diagram ofthe connections between the components of the clockand how they interact in adjacent cells is shown in FigureQ21–2D. In the absence of Delta, why do the cells becomeunsynchronized? What is it about the presence of Deltathat keeps adjacent cells oscillating in synchrony?
Bruce Ames and his colleagues have pointed out that although detailed toxicological analysis has been conducted on synthetic chemicals, almost no information is available about the mutagenic or carcinogenic effects of the toxins produced by plants as a natural defense against fungi, insects, and animal predators. Tens of thousands of such compounds have been discovered, and he estimates that in the United States adults eat about 1.5 g of these compounds each daylevels that are approximately 10,000 times higher than those of the synthetic pesticides present in the diet. For example, cabbage contains 49 natural pesticides and metabolites, and only a few of these have been tested for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. a. With the introduction of new foods into the U.S. diet over the last 200 years (mangoes, kiwi fruit, tomatoes, and so forth), has there been enough time for humans to develop resistance to the mutagenic effects of the toxins present in those foods? b. The natural pesticides present in plants constitute more than 99% of the toxins we eat. Should diet planning, especially for vegetarians, take into account the doses of toxins present in the diet?
Describe the effects of FGF and RA on each other in limb bud development. Give a specific example of their effects on each other in this capacity. Knowing this, propose a question/hypothesis to investigate the mechanism of how a specific morphogen controls pattern if you know that the morphogen is both necessary and sufficient AND is expressed in the correct spatial/temporal frame.
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Prostate cells usually require testosteroneand other androgens to survive. But some prostate cancercells thrive despite treatments that eliminate androgens.One hypothesis is that estrogen, often considered a femalehormone, may be activating genes normally controlled by an androgen in these cancer cells. Describe one or moreexperiments to test this hypothesis. (See Figure 11.9 to reviewthe action of these steroid hormones.)
Cattle in industrial dairy farms are typically given rBST, or recombinant bovine somatotropin. This animal hormone increases a cow's milk production, but there is concern that such hormones may have unforeseen effects on milk-drinking humans. There is no similar concern about plant hormones in the plant foods we eat. Why not?
Design another experiment to determine whether the signalthat controls male development is a hormone. Make sureto identify your hypothesis, prediction, data collection plan,and controls
A variety of fertility tests are available for women to purchase overthe counter—for example, at drugstores. Because more women nowdelay their first pregnancy until they are older, these tests arebecoming more popular. Many of these tests incorporate antibodiesthat specifically react with hormones found in a woman’s urine.What specific hormones could be measured in these tests, and howmight these tests actually work?
Hello! Discuss the onco-suppressive function of xenophagy + ( role of adaptors, compare and contrast evidence, opinion about the way forward for the field). Thank you!
I. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) is a transcription factor that is similar to steroid hormone receptors. Thesubstance (ligand) that binds to this receptor is retinoicacid. One of the genes whose transcription is activatedby retinoic acid binding to the receptor is myoD. Thediagram that follows shows a schematic view of theRAR proteins produced by genes into which one oftwo different 12-base double-stranded oligonucleotides had been inserted in the ORF. The insertion site(a–m) associated with each mutant protein is indicatedwith the appropriate letter on the polypeptide map.For constructs encoding proteins a–e, oligonucleotide 1(5′ TTAATTAATTAA 3′ read off either strand) wasinserted into the RAR gene. For constructs encoding proteins f–m, oligonucleotide 2 (5′ CCGGCCGGCCGG 3′)was inserted into the gene.NH2 f g h i j k l m COOHa b c d eThe wild-type RAR protein can both bind DNA and activate transcription weakly in the absence of retinoic acid(RA) and strongly in RA’s presence. Each…

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