Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein?
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The new Covid19 vaccine produced by two companies (Pfizer, Moderna) uses mRNA coding for part of the spike protein of the virus. The virus uses the spike protein to invade human cells where it replicates. Is it surprising that the mRNA must be stabilized with chemicals that need ultra-cold or frozen storage to protect the mRNA from degradation before it causes human muscle cells to make the spike protein?
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- Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage? Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why?So I know that most DNA viruses use the cell’s DNA-dependent RNA polymerases to make mRNAs for translation, but since RNA viruses don’t have RNA-dependent RNA-polymerases, RNA viruses (like influenza) bring their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. And to protect viral mRNAs from degradation through exconucleases and facilitate their efficient translation by ribosomes, RNA viruses (influenza) snatch 5’-caps from host mRNAs. But can you please explain how influenza virus does cap snatching in details?. You are interested in a eukaryotic protein involved in immunity, and you are attempting to express this protein in E. coli in order to produce large amounts of the protein. You have identified the gene and place a copy of the gene on a plasmid in E. coli next to a bacterial promoter sequence. You determine that lots of mRNA is made from your gene in your E. coli system, but the protein produced is larger and doesn't have the same properties as the eukaryotic protein you expected. What mistake have you made and how can you fix it?
- Shown here is a theoretical viral mRNA sequence 5′-AUGCAUACCUAUGAGACCCUUGGA-3′ (a) Assuming that it could arise from overlapping genes, how many different polypeptide sequences can be produced? Using the chart in Figure 12–7, what are the sequences? (b) A base-substitution mutation that altered the sequence in part (a) eliminated the synthesis of all but one polypeptide. The altered sequence is shown below. Use Figure 12–7 to determine why it was altered. 5′-AUGCAUACCUAUGUGACCCUUGGA-3′Researchers have been determining the nucleotide sequences of variant forms of SARS-CoV-2, looking for versions of the virus that might be more easily transmitted between humans or that might be more deadly. (a) For example, one mutation in a viral gene changed a GAU codon to a GGU codon. How does this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (b) In another variant form of the virus, a gene is missing six consecutive nucleotides. How would this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (c) In another coronavirus variant, the spike protein (the prominent protein on the surface of the virus) contains a histidine residue where an aspartate (aspartic acid) residue should be. Describe a point mutation in the coronavirus genome that could have caused this change in the spike protein.Consider this sequence below: GAG TAC ACG AGT GGA Which of the following options is an example of a non-synonymous point mutation? (remember to translate to mRNA!) A. GAG TAC AAT CGA GTG GA B. GAG TAC ACG GGT GGA C. GAG TAC A–G AGT GGA D. GAG TAC ACG AGA GGA
- Given the DNA sequence TATAGCACTGAT, which of the following is the correct complementary mRNA sequence that would be produced? TUTUCGUGUCTU AUAUCGUGACUA ATATCGTGACTA CGCATGTCAGC None of the aboveVaccina virus (used in the polio vaccine) produces an enzyme that takes the 5’ cap off of the mRNAs in the eukaryotic cells it infects. Besides allowing degradation of the host’s mRNA, what step in translation of the host’s mRNAs does this prevent? Group of answer choices Movement of tRNA from the A site to the P site tRNA binding to the A site Recognition of the stop codon Ribosome small subunit from binding mRNA Movement of the tRNA from the P site to the A siteImagine that you and your colleagues are working in a lab to develop a protein synthesis system for a new type of synthetic cell. During your brainstorming sessions, you propose that polycistronic mRNA would be much more useful than mRNA that is only translated into one protein. This would allow for multiple proteins necessary for a particular function to be translated together. One of your colleagues says that is a good idea, but if you decide to go with polycistronic mRNA, you’d better make sure to use a prokaryotic translation system. Why might it be problematic to use a eukaryotic translation system with polycistronic mRNA? Mention three reasons:
- The Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine is one of the vaccines currently being rolled out for mass vaccination in South Africa to protect the population against SARS CoV-2, and the active compound in this vaccine is an mRNA molecule. a) The starting material for productio of this vaccine is a copy of the coronavirus spike protein gene cloned into a ppasmid. List the main experimental steps in the vaccine production process, to go from a plamid to an mRNA molecule. b) Which molecular processes in the cell will allow an injected strand of mRNA to produce anti-Covid immunity in the vaccine recipient?Assume that a mutation occurs in the gene that encodes each of the following RNA polymerases. Match the mutation with its possible effects by placing the correct letter or letters in the blanks below. There may be more than one effect for each mutated polymerase. A mutation in the gene that codes for Effects RNA polymerase I _______ RNA polymerase II _______ RNA polymerase III _______ Possibleeffects a. tRNA is not synthesized b. Some ribosomal RNA is not synthesized c. Ribosomal RNA is not processed d. pre-mRNA is not processed e. Some mRNA molecules are not degraded f. pre-mRNA is not synthesizedWhen scientists cut a eukaryotic gene from genomic DNA, they discovered that enabling the strands to hydrogen bond allows them to hybridize one of the gene's strands to the gene's mRNA. How can you tell whether this gene undergoes alternative splicing by comparing the various mRNAs that result?
