List reaction or pathways of fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis affected by insulin and glucagon.
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- Discuss the roles of phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase, and lipooxygenase.Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?Explain what biochemical pathway/metabolic processes are affected in insulin resistance? How does this affect glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.
- What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?Is the statement "insulin inhibits beta-oxidation but stimulates fatty acid biosynthesis", cprrect?Why can liver glycogen, but not muscle glycogen, be used to raise blood sugar levels?
- Would you expect insulin to increase or decrease the activity of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase?Administration of insulin decreases the blood concentration of ketone bodies in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis by which of the following mechanisms?A) Decreasing formation of ketone bodies in skeletal muscleB) Decreasing lipolysis in adipose tissueC) Increasing hepatic activity of carnitine acyltransferaseD) Increasing hepatic levels of acetyl CoAE) Increasing hepatic oxidation of ketone bodiesWhat effect is observed on the rate of gluconeogenesis under each of the following conditions? a. low ATP concentrationc. high carbohydrate diet b. low ADP concentrationd. low carbohydrate diet
