Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be     growth factors and growth factor receptors     signaling molecules like protein kinases     proteins that control DNA repair     transcription factors     all of the above

Q: genes for retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53, act as  ________ in regulating the cell cycle

A: The retinoblastoma (Rb) and p53 genes perform an important role in cell cycle mechanisms. They play…

Q: Oncogenes show a of mutation, while tumor suppressor genes show a of mutations. is the process by…

A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread…

Q: The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene…

A: An oncogene is a type of gene that is responsible for causing the cells to divide uncontrollably and…

Q: The rb gene encodes a protein that inhibits E2F, a transcriptionfactor that activates several genes…

A: Abnormal and unnecessary growth of cells termed cancer. Mutations in DNA causes cancer. In the…

Q: ___________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. a.…

A: Nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are long chains of nucleotides.…

Q: Cancers typically have which of the following in common?   Question 1 options:   abnormal nuclei…

A: Cancer cells are defined as the cells that grow and divide at a rapid rate abnormally.They are…

Q: These genes are involved in normal cell growth and division, but if mutated, could become more…

A: Oncogenes are tumour-causing genes. They are mutated and abnormal that leading to uncontrolled cell…

Q: Changes affecting tumor suppressors generally require _____ alleles to be affected in order to…

A: Introduction : A protein that acts to inhibit cell division and keep it under control is encoded by…

Q: ene therapy approaches have been studied for cancer gene therapy. These approaches include? (select…

A: Cancer Cancer is a serious disease marked by an abnormal and uncontrolled cell division of cells…

Q: What causes cancer (think mutations, repair mechanisms, dna polymerase, symmatic/ germ line, genes +…

A: Cancer can be defined as a disorder in which there is abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of the…

Q: Which of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer?   a.Oncogenes do not have…

A: Cancer is also called malignancy. It is the abnormal growth of cells, and these cells have the…

Q: The Bax gene, codes for a cytosolic protein that plays an important role in apoptosis. Growth factor…

A: Bax gene Bcl-2-associated X protein which is pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 gene family. Cell…

Q: You found a protein called X in colon cancer patients that is over-expressed and is associated with…

A: Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor site to other parts of…

Q: Finding the ________ virus in chickens established the first association between viral infection and…

A: Virus is a small entity which behaves as both living and non-living .  When present inside the host…

Q: ________ are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.a.…

A: DNA( deoxyribonucleic acid) is the double-stranded molecule that is the genetic material in most…

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of a fail-safe mechanism that prevents the irregular cell…

A: Uncontrolled cell division results in the development of a tumor or cancer. There are many factors…

Q: Proteins/peptides exclusively expressed by tumor cells are termed as                  a. tumor…

A: Cancers are caused by mutations in the gene sequence of the tumor suppressor gene or protooncogene…

Q: Discuss how oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are related to genes involved in the control of…

A: Tumor suppressor genes are the regular genes present in the genome which are important for the…

Q: Which of the following is involved in the formation of cancer? O mutations in genes involved in DNA…

A: Cancer is a disease in which cells of the body multiply uncontrollably and form tumours.  Cancer is…

Q: Which of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer?

A: Genes that confer the ability to convert cells to a tumourigenic state are called oncogenes.…

Q: Match the gene on the left with the gene category on the right.…

A: Genes  Genes are the information coded in a DNA. They make our protein and enzyme. They are…

Q: Which of the following statements describing mutations causing cancer is false? Group of answer…

A: Mutation refers to  any change in base sequence  of DNA. Mutagen is physical or chemical agent that…

Q: Cancer often results from a multistage process involving an initiating event (mediated by a viral…

A: Phorbol esters are a group of chemicals that are found in many plants. They are the ester…

Q: Which of the following is an example of a proto-oncogene? 1) cell cycle inhibitor 2) tumor…

A: Oncogene The gene that are cancerous and divide cell abnormally.

Q: The p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while Ras is a proto-oncogene. Mutation in either one can…

A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that are involved in various checkpoints in the cell cycle,…

Q: A human oncogene called ras is inserted into mice, creating transgenic animals that develop a…

A: Genetic engineering is a technique that uses recombinant DNA technology to alter any gene in an…

Q: Select the statements that accurately describe different ways that translocations could lead to…

A: Answer-  (A) A translocation breaks up the sequence of a gene for a protein that stimulates…

Q: The p53 gene is a tumor-suppressor gene while p634  gene is an oncogene. Mutation in either one can…

A: Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts…

Q: stem cells undergo the fate decision process before developing into tissues or organs. This process…

A: A concept map is a map which tells us about diagrammatic relationship between concepts and helps us…

Q: Give a possible explanation for why a mutation in a single gene does not always lead to cancer.

A: Mutation in a gene is defined as any change or alteration in the structure, and hence, function of…

Q: BAX proteins stimulate apoptosis.

A: A natural genetically programmed cell death called apoptosis occurs when an ageing cell reaches the…

Q: Cells in a tumor contain mutated copies of a particular gene that promotes tumor growth. Gene…

A: An oncogene helps in control cell division and  contributes to cancer progression whereas a tumor…

Q: proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cause most types of cancer

A: The genes are formed by the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of an organism. These genes code all of the…

Q: Part A. Gene Q's normal function is to cause apoptosis (cell death) for cells that have chromosome…

A: Cancer in simple term can be referred to a set of diseases which are caused by the production of an…

Q: Which of the following is not an example of tumor-suppressor gene? A. p53 gene B. Rb…

A: p53 gene It is a tumor suppressor gene It's activity stops the formation of tumors It is located…

Q: Why are PARP inhibitors effective in killing tumor cells with BRCA-deficiency but not Rb deficiency?…

A: Anti-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene regulate cell division and DNA repair mechanism. Any mutation…

Q: mutated gene that transforms a normal cell into a tumor cell is called a   a. oncogene.   b.…

A: Mutations are the changes in the genetic makeup of the individual which results in the expression of…

Q: Sometimes, malignant cells do not stay properly anchored in tissues because of the loss of function…

A: Malignancy It refers to the presence of cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other…

Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…

A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…

Q: What is the most likely reason for a heterogeneous genetic makeup of a tumor that arises from a…

A: the answer is given in next step.

Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…

A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…

Q: Proto-oncogenes normally function to increase v cell division. If a mutation occurs to a…

A: Proto - oncogenes normally function to stimulating cell division . If a mutation occurs to a proto -…

Q: In cell growth, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor…

A: Cell growth is a very complex and orderly process in which various enzymes cell signaling pathways…

Q: RCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene. BRCA1* is the symbol for the non-mutant or wild-type form of the…

A: BRCA1 mutations are also linked to a higher risk of triple-negative breast cancer, which is a very…

Q: Which of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in…

A: Proto-oncogenes, although usually associated with tumors do have a very significant role to play in…

Q: Can you match the type of mutations that can occur from the selected below? a. either…

A: When the nucleotides sequences in the genome of an organism are altered or changed due to mistakes…

Q: Match each definition with the corresponding term concerning genes involved in tumor formation.…

A: Cancer is a very complex molecular disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled cell division.…

Q: Programmed cell death is...(select all that apply) Group of answer choices a mechanism to protect…

A: The correct options are: • a mechanism to protect populations of cells against uncontrolled growth.…

Q: What are the key steps of transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis on a cellular and tissue…

A: Transformation is a process in which a normal cell is transform into a cancerous cell  Tumor genesis…