If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is contributing to a cancer phenotype, which of the following must be TRUE?
Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the…
A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: The p53 gene was discovered in 1979, but it was not clear whether the gene functioned as an oncogene…
A: An oncogene is a type of gene that is responsible for causing the cells to divide uncontrollably and…
Q: Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is FALSE? a) Inactivation of tumor…
A: False statement about tumor suppressor genes.
Q: Is the presence of oncogenic Ras necessary for transient inflammatory stimulation to induce chronic…
A: Inflammation predispose to the development of cancer & promotes all stages of tumorigenesis
Q: How can researchers pinpoint the particular driver mutations most responsible for the cancer…
A: The development of cancer is an evolutionary process at the cellular level. Several mutations…
Q: why EGFR play a role in CRC and other cancer?
A: EGFR : It is epidermis growth factor receptor. CRC: Colorectal cancer. EGFR : It is one of the…
Q: Which genetic cancer predisposition syndrome is caused by germ-line mutations in the p53 gene and is…
A: P53 is the tumor suppressor protein (TP53 in humans) which is also described as the guardian of the…
Q: Explain how mutations in oncogenes and in tumor suppressorgenes cause cancer.
A: Cancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal growth of the cell. These cells have the…
Q: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes that encode proteins involved in DNA repair. If DNA can not be repaired,…
A: BRCA1 (BReast CAncer gene 1) and BRCA2 (BReast CAncer gene 2) are genes that make proteins that aid…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…
A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressorgene? Give two examples of each…
A: Cancer is defined as the biological disorder in which the cells undergo uncontrolled growth and cell…
Q: The myc oncogene increases expression of the glutamine transporter and glutaminase that converts…
A: Cancer is a disease defined by the uncontrolled development of a group of abnormal cells that can…
Q: The normal copies of tumor-suppressor genes encode proteins that have which three types of…
A: A tumour suppressor gene also known as anti-oncogene is a gene that is responsible to regulate the…
Q: Which of the following demonstrates the link between oncogenes and cancer?
A: Genes that confer the ability to convert cells to a tumourigenic state are called oncogenes.…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: Which of the following is an example of a proto-oncogene? 1) cell cycle inhibitor 2) tumor…
A: Oncogene The gene that are cancerous and divide cell abnormally.
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
A:
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…
Q: Explain why p53 is mutated in the vast majority of human cancers.
A: Any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in multiple animals, such as TP53 and Trp53, is…
Q: The palladin gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer (see theintroduction to this chapter), is…
A: A disease is an abnormal condition that negatively impacts the structure and function of an…
Q: Describe the underlying causes of epigenetic changes associated with cancer.
A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…
Q: What are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to…
A: TP53 is the gene that translates the protein called tumor protein p53 which acts as a tumor…
Q: Describe the effects of the mutation causing the p21 promoter to no longer bind p53 on cell…
A: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene but if p53 gets mutated then this protein is not able to bind to the…
Q: Which of the following statements about cancer is false? (a) oncogenes arise from mutations in…
A: Proto Oncogenes are the genes that cause cancer when there are alterations in them. Several factors…
Q: Which one of the following events is unlikely to beassociated with cancer?a. mutation of a cellular…
A: Cancer is basically the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal or mutated cells in the body. It is…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Of the following choices a loss of function mutation would most lukely contribute to cancer onset if…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Products of proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes can be growth factors and growth factor…
A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…
Q: Explain in general what is meant by a proto-oncogene and how they are involved in the formation of a…
A: Proto-oncogenes are a bunch of normal genes present in a cell. They have the necessary information…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: Relatively few inherited forms of cancer involve the inheritance of mutant oncogenes. Instead, most…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…
A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…
Q: How might overexpression of proto-oncogenes lead to abnormal cellular proliferation?
A: A proto-oncogene is a cell's normal gene. Proto-oncogenes are plentiful. Each one is in charge of…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes versus tumor-suppressorgenes.
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can be treated by chemotherapy and…
Q: What is the most likely reason for a heterogeneous genetic makeup of a tumor that arises from a…
A: the answer is given in next step.
Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of the p53 gene,…
A: In an organism, almost all the changes that occur in gene expression that are epigenetic in nature…
Q: Why are oncogenes usually dominant in their action, whereas tumor-suppressor genes are recessive?
A: BASIC INFORMATION ONCOGENES When there is alteration in the proto-onco genes then it leads to the…
Q: Proto-oncogenes normally function to increase v cell division. If a mutation occurs to a…
A: Proto - oncogenes normally function to stimulating cell division . If a mutation occurs to a proto -…
Q: Which of the following describes the role typical proto-oncogenes have when they are expressed in…
A: Proto-oncogenes, although usually associated with tumors do have a very significant role to play in…
Q: Which of the following is an enabling characteristic for cancer that can increase the likelihood of…
A: The somatic mutations in the genome of a cancer cell, irrespective of their structural nature, can…
Q: In DNA repair, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor…
A: During the replication process, the base airs are mismatched or some of the base pairs undergo…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
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- Which of the following mutations will result in cancer? a. homozygous recessive mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene coding for a nonfunctional protein b. dominant mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene in which the normal protein product is overexpressed c. homozygous recessive mutation in which there is a deletion in the coding region of a proto-oncogene, leaving it nonfunctional d. dominant mutation in a proto-oncogene in which the normal protein product is overexpressedWhich one of the following events is unlikely to beassociated with cancer?a. mutation of a cellular proto-oncogene in a normaldiploid cellb. a chromosomal translocation with a breakpointnear a cellular proto-oncogenec. deletion of a cellular proto-oncogened. mitotic nondisjunction in a cell carrying a deletionof a tumor-suppressor genee. incorporation of a cellular oncogene into a retroviruschromosomeThe palladin gene, which plays a role in pancreatic cancer (see theintroduction to this chapter), is said to be an oncogene. Which of itscharacteristics suggest that it is an oncogene rather than a tumorsuppressorgene?
- Describe the genetic changes that convert proto-oncogenesinto oncogenes or inactivate tumor-suppressor genes.With regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.A p53 knockout mouse in which both copies of p53 are defectivehas been produced by researchers. This type of mouse appears normalat birth. However, it is highly sensitive to UV light. Based onyour knowledge of p53, explain the normal appearance at birth andthe high sensitivity to UV light.
- Some germ-line mutations predispose individuals tocancer, yet often environmental factors (chemicals,exposure to radiation) are considered major risks fordeveloping cancer. Do these views of the cause ofcancer conflict, or can they be reconciled?Our government has finite funds to devote to cancer research.Discuss which of the following areas of research you think shouldreceive the most funding.A. Identifying and characterizing oncogenes and tumorsuppressorgenesB. Identifying agents in our environment that cause cancerC. Identifying viruses that cause cancer D. Devising methods aimed at killing cancer cells in the bodyE. Informing the public of the risks involved in exposure tocarcinogensIn the long run, in which of these areas would you expect successfulresearch to be the most effective in decreasing human mortalitydue to cancer?Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes in a numberof different ways. In some cases, the proto-oncogene itselfbecomes amplified up to hundreds of times in a cancer cell.An example is the cyclin D1 gene, which is amplified in somecancers. In other cases, the proto-oncogene may be mutatedin a limited number of specific ways, leading to alterations inthe gene product’s structure. The ras gene is an example of aproto-oncogene that becomes oncogenic after suffering pointmutations in specific regions of the gene. Explain why thesetwo proto-oncogenes (cyclin D1 and ras) undergo such differentalterations to convert them into oncogenes
- Of the following choices a loss of function mutation would most lukely contribute to cancer onset if the mutant gene codes for a : telomerase tumor suppressor protein ATP synthesis enzyme RNS binding proteinA research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smokecaused the silencing of a tumor-suppressor gene called p53.However, using sequencing, no mutation was found in the DNAsequence for this gene. Give two possible explanations for theseresults.An oncogene is produced from a that has acquired a .a. proto-oncogene, loss-of-function mutationb. proto-oncogene, gain-of-function mutationc. tumor-suppressor gene, loss-of-function mutationd. tumor-suppressor gene, gain-of-function mutation