Radiation exerts part of its damaging effect by causing the formation of hydroxyl radicals. Write a reaction equation to explain how glutathione acts to protect against this form of radiation damage.

Q: What is unique about TPP that makes it useful in decarboxylation reactions?

A: TPP acts as a coenzyme in several decarboxylation reactions, such as pyruvate conversion to…

Q: The conversion of substance X to substance Y is an endergonic reaction, but it can be driven if…

A: An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. This means that the net change in…

Q: Why might a general ATP-binding inhibitor be a bad idea? Was this a problem with the drug that was…

A: Background information about ATP ATP is chemically Adenosine-Tri-phosphate means it is formed of…

Q: Using the half reactions from the given table, what is the reaction of this reduction-oxidation?

A: Tricarboxylic acid cycle is the final common oxidative pathway for oxidation of carbs, fats and…

Q: How would 2,4 dinitrophenol affect cellular respiration? What does this molecule do? Please explain…

A: - The compound 2,4-dinitrophenol acts as a mitochondrial uncoupler. - DNP functions as a…

Q: Lead exerts its poisonous effect on enzymes by two mechanisms. Which mechanism is irreversible and…

A: The prime targets to lead toxicity are the heme synthesis enzymes, thiol-containing antioxidants and…

Q: Which set of conditions will give the product shown in this reaction? Br

A: Given Reaction:

Q: Explain how the position in the active site and function of the oxyanion hole of chymotrypsin…

A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…

Q: how does the sphingosine affect the physical properties of sphingomyelin?

A: Sphingosine: it is an important part of sphingolipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. It belongs…

Q: Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like coconut oil has a good anti-oxidant property

A: Coconut oil has a good antioxidant property. It is a saturated fatty acid.

Q: Which of the following classifications apply to the formation of 3-hydroxybutyrate from…

A: Ketogenesis It is the process of formation of ketone bodies in the liver during fasting or…

Q: The two reactions that convert glutamate to ornithine are, first, a of the y-carboxylate group of…

A: Ornithine is a proteogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. It is mainly formed from…

Q: What three types of reactions don’t fit in the simple Michaelis-Menten model

A: Enzymes are proteins that accelerate the biochemical reactions. They are temperature sensitive.…

Q: Explain in terms of the Michaelis-Menten equation why alcohol degradation is not first-orderwhile…

A: First-order reactions are those in which the rate of reaction depends upon the initial concentration…

Q: Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property.

A: "Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want a…

Q: What would you expect to happen to levels of mevalonate in human plasma if an individual were to go…

A: The mevalonate used in the mevalonate/HMG-CoA pathway to synthesize cholesterol, farnesyl…

Q: Explain why constructing a building with bricks, boars, and cement is analogous to an anabolic…

A: All metabolic changes occur in a series of events that follow a certain process known as the…

Q: What special properties of transition metals make them especially useful in enzyme catalysis?

A: Transition metals are metals that are present between group 2 and group 13 in the periodic table.…

Q: Why is the consumption of vitamin C as an antioxidant expected to donate its own electrons to free…

A: Vitamin C or ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant and helps in scavenging free radicals in the cell…

Q: What are the two properties of enzymes that make them especially useful catalysts?

A: In the human body, many chemical reactions are taking place and every chemical reaction needs a…

Q: One problem with burning some plastics is the release of formaldehyde. What are some of the…

A: Some people are very sensitive to formaldehyde, whereas others have no reaction to the same level of…

Q: Why does the activation energy of a reaction not appear in the final Δ G of the reaction?

A: The activation energy ΔG‡ is the energy difference that exists between the reactants and the…

Q: This is a plot under standard conditions of free energy corresponding to a chemical reaction of A+B…

A: The free energy of a reaction is the amount of energy that is actually available to do work. It also…

Q: What is meant by the term activation energy?

A: Enzymes are the catalytic protein, which is required to catalyze the chemical reaction.

Q: what type of reaction is the the reverse synthesis of ceramides from sphingosine

A: Ceramides belong to the family of waxy lipids that contain sphingosine and fatty acids. It is…

Q: Both deoxyribose and ribose belong to a class of sugar called?

A: Sugar molecules along with the phosphate group form the backbone of the polymers.

Q: Write two reactions to represent the formation of the two dipeptides that form when leucine and…

A: A peptide is a sequence of amino acids involved in a condensation reaction where the carboxyterminal…

Q: discuss the following statement: “Whether the ΔG for a reaction is larger, smaller, or the same as…

A: Gibbs free energy is defined as the energy that is available to do work. This is the work done in a…

Q: Glucose fermentation in yeast produces ethanol as a wasteproduct. In contrast, Clostridium…

A: Fermentation is the process that produces organic compounds by a series of reactions with the use of…

Q: The OH group at which carbon atom is involved in ring formation in aldohexose? *

A: Monosaccharides are represented as linear molecules but many  also adopt cyclic structures and this…

Q: What properties of transition metals make them useful as enzyme cofactors?

A: Cofactor is a compound that is not made up of protein but rather than is a metal ion. They serves as…

Q: Given the following choices, a. what is the structure of the product of the reaction catalysed by…

A: Asked :  The structure has to be matched with the description given.

Q: How does INCREASING temperature affect the rate of reaction (how fast the reaction occurs)?

A: Rate of a reaction, in addition to the product produced and having an uninterrupted supply of…

Q: In two to three sentences, what are the biochemical features and properties of enzymes?

A: Almost all enzymes are the proteins. Enzymes like any proteins have a primary structure ie the…

Q: List two classes of compounds derived from arachidonic acid. Suggest some reasons for the amount of…

A: Introduction Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in the phospholipids of cell…

Q: Catalysts are believed to lower the activation energy of thetransition state in a chemical reaction.…

A: Proteins that function as biological catalysts are known as enzymes (biocatalysts). Catalysts help…

Q: Write out the structures for the cofactors involved in the following biochemical reactions:

A: a). Methylation - It means addition of methyl group to a substrate. b). Amino acid decarboxylation -…

Q: The following is an example of a _____________________reaction.CH3CH2OH CH2 => CH2 + H2O

A: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is alcohol, which exhibits hydroxyl group as the functional group.

Q: Give the two reasons why anabolic reactions in metabolism are not exactly the reverse of catabolic…

A: Metabolism:  It is a chemical reaction that occurs in our body cells in which food is converted…

Q: Explain and show why phosphoenolpyruvate is a highenergy compound.

A: Phosphoenolpyruvate : It is the ester derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate. It exists an…

Q: The enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase promotes which of the following? a. the hydrolysis of…

A: Glycolysis is the process in which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of…

Q: Describe hydrogenation and hydrolysis reactions of triacylglycerols, and, given the reactants,…

A: Introduction: Fats and oils are the most abundant form of lipids. They provide energy and heat to…

Q: In chemical reactions involving two or more substrates, how can mere binding of substrates to an…

A: Chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, also called reactants, are converted…

Q: Catalytic hydrogenation, used in the food industry, converts double bonds in the fatty acids of the…

A: Carboxylic acid with hydrocarbon side chain are fatty acids. Fatty acids are mostly esterified but…

Q: Describe the structure of glutathione by identifying the components of this compound. What is the…

A: Introduction  Plants, mammals, fungi, certain bacteria, and archaea all produce glutathione (GSH),…

Q: Consider an enzyme (P) that gets activated by forming a dimer (P2): 2P P2 At 25 °C, we have AH- 19…

A: ∆Ho is change in enthalpy of the protein activation= 19KJ/mol, it is the heat content of the given…

Nitrogen metabolism

Nitrogen metabolism is the synthesis, utilization or uptake, breakdown, and excretion of nitrogenous compounds in the body. The nitrogen metabolism encompasses nitrogen fixation, biosynthesis, and the breakdown of amino acids, purines, and pyrimidine. Since nitrogen-containing compounds are required for various life processes, nitrogen is an important element of life.