Part 3: Reconstructing evolutionary historyBelow is a phylogeny for six groups of placental mammals (Eutheria) from the Tree of Life website(http://tolweb.org/tree/)Artiodactyla (pigs, deer, cattle, goats)Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhinos)Hyracoidea (hyraxes, dassies)Sirenia (manatees, dugong, sea cows)Proboscidea (elephants, mammoths)Both the Cetacea and Sirenia are aquatic members of the Eutheria. All of their close relatives areterrestrial. We generally assume that the common ancestor of these groups was terrestrial (T) and thatbeing aquatic (A) is a derived trait that evolved just twice (i.e. there were 2 independent changes fromT→A).a) To the right of each taxon, write a T beside terrestrial taxa and an A beside aquatic taxa. Ib) Now let's assume that the most recent common ancestor of this group was aquatic (A). What isthe minimum number of changes (A→T and/or T→A) that could have resulted in the distributionof traits we see today? Indicate these changes on your tree (or in an attached photo) and indicatethe total number of changes below.

A phylogeny or the phylogenetic tree is a diagrammatic representation of the evolutionary descendent…

Answered: ses, tapirs, rhino-

Science

Biology

ses, tapirs, rhino-

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter19: Population Genetics And Human Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 25QP: Genomics and Human Evolution The Denisovan genome contains sequences that originated from an unknown...

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Draw a phylogenetic tree depicting our current understanding of the animal phylogeny. Include the major groups of animals at the tips of your tree: Deuterostomia, Protostomia, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Porifera, and Cnidaria. Additionally, label the common ancestor of all animals, indicate which groups are considered invertebrates, and indicate where the vertebrates fit within the phylogeny. Write on your tree where the following characteristics arose as evolutionary innovations: multicellularity, true tissues, radial and bilateral symmetry, animals with 2 germ layers and animals with 3 germ layers.
nvestigate the changes in taxonomy since Linnaeus. Note major changes, such as the recognition that sponges are not plants (Linnaeus thought they were), the changing classification of barnacles (Linnaeus thought they were bivalves), and the breakdown of Linnaeus’s phylum, Vermes (worms). 2) Draw a cladogram of the primates, referring to Chapter 22. Include Homo sapiens and the other extinct species of the genus Homo to the best of our current knowledge. Compare to the cladograms in several of the most recent references listed in Chapter 22.
Propliopithecids vs. Parapithecids. Adapids and Omomyids. Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus. With the exception of Gigantopithecus, many students struggle to differentiate between the various fossil primates. So, let's write about them, have a little fun, and help embed them in our brains. Create an original comic or storyboard that illustrates one of the fossil primates. Unlike the Primate Profiles, this is NOT meant to be a research project! This is meant to be a study tool for you. You should build comics primarily, if not exclusively.
n. Scientists have found one new fossil that is similar to Archaeopteryx. It is only the second fossil of its kind. It shows an animal that had a long-feathered tail and small teeth, like non-avian dinosaurs. But the animal also had flight feathers and wings, like modern birds. The fossil also shows a fused clavicle bone, which confirms the relationship between birds and dinosaurs because they are the only two groups with this characteristic. What is true about this scenario? It shows evidence of evolution. It shows evidence of widespread expression. It shows evidence of climate change. It shows evidence of causation.
This phylogenetic tree shows that: All of these Elephants evolved from hyraxes. Tapirs are the most highly evolved mammals in this group. Hippopotamuses are more closely related to cetaceans than they are to pigs. Pigs are the common ancestors of cetaceans and hippopotamuses.
6. Organisms classified as “birds” share a common feature. What shared derived character defined this taxonomic group? 7. What feature is present in all animals but is not present in birds and reptiles? 8. Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes. I’m addition to an amniotic egg, the common ancestor of all reptiles, birds, and mammals had a thick epidermal layer of scales partially composed of a protein called keratin. Keratinized skin helps prevent water loss in terrestrial environment. A. what type (or form) of Keratinized epidermal structure represents the ancestral character state of all reptiles, birds, and mammals?
The oldest Homo sapiens fossils were found in __________ a. the Middle Hast b. Africa c. Indonesia d. Europe
Australopiths are__________ a. extinct b. placental mammals c. hominoids d. all of the above
Figure 20.10 Which animals in this figure belong to a clade that includes animals with hair? Which evolved first, hair or the amniotic egg?
The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.
The Hominoidea is a monophyletic group that includes: a. apes and monkeys. b. apes only. c. humans and human ancestors. d. apes and humans. e. monkeys, apes, and humans.
Genomics and Human Evolution The Denisovan genome contains sequences that originated from an unknown human species. Using Figure 19.11, speculate on which species this might be. Is it possible that there are other ancestral species that may remain to be discovered that would change the phylogeny presented in the figure? FIGURE 19.11 Estimates for the dates of origin and extinction for the three main groups of hominins (green, blue, and orange). The australopithecines split into two groups about 2.7 million years ago. One of those groups, the genus Homo, contains the ancestors to our species, H. sapiens.