Suppose an individual with a high school degree lives for only two periods and fac two schooling options. He can choose not to attend college, in which case he earr $10,000 in each period. He can also choose to go to college in the first period, incu out-of-pocket costs of $2,000, and enter the labor market in the second period, earning $30,000. a) Suppose the individual's discount rate is 0.05. What is the present value of not going to college? Show your work.
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- Here is one hypothesis: A well-funded social safety net can increase economic equality but will reduce economic output. Explain why this might be so, and sketch a production possibility curve that shows this tradeoff.Consider a worker who earns $20/hour in the labor market and receives $50 per week innon-labor income. Assume the total number of hours available for work (h) and leisure(L) is 168 hours per week (i.e., ? = 168 = ℎ + ?). a. Draw the budget constraint for this individual. Label the endowment point. b. What is the maximum value of consumption that this individual could achieve ina week? c. In the United States, the Fair Labor Standards Act requires workers to be paid 1.5times their usual hourly wage for “overtime” work, defined as work in excess of40 hours in a week. If this law applies to the worker described above, how does itchange the budget constraint? d. Now suppose Congress passes an income tax. The income tax applies to labor andnon-labor income. The Fair Labor Standard Act is still in effect. The first $1,000in weekly income is exempt from the tax. However, every dollar above $1,000 istaxed at a rate of 10%. (To be clear: the tax on $1,000 in income is 0, the tax on$1,001 is…For a social welfare function W = W(U1(M1); ... ; UH (MH )), where Mh is income the ‘‘social marginal utility of income’’ is defined by for all h, show that the social marginal utility of income is decreasing in Mh for a utilitarian social welfare function. Use this to argue that a fixed stock of income will be distributed equally. Show that the argument extends to any anonymous and concave social welfare function when all consumers have the same utility function.
- Consider a consumer who could earn $400 per week and has 50 weeks available each year to allocate between work (H) and nonmarket time (L). They have no non-labour income. Their utility function is U = C2L , where C is the value of consumption goods. What is their optimal choice for the number of weeks in nonmarket time and consumption? Show this in a diagram. Suppose the government introduces a policy that (i) offers no benefits to people who do not work, (ii) offers a wage subsidy on earnings at a rate of 25%, with a maximum benefit of $5000, and (iii) the benefit is subject to reduction at a rate of 25% for every dollar earned above $20,000 in the year. Show the person’s new budget constraint in a new diagram, and discuss how the person’s optimal choice might change (you do not have to calculate this, but point to where it is likely on the new budget constraint). Discuss how income and substitution effects play a role.Suppose that the wage of the worker with the schooling level S and ability A is given by w(A,S) = A √ S. Every period of schooling the worker has to pay tuition F. Government subsidizes M of her tuition. 1. If ability of worker is A = 2, the market interest rate is r = 0.02 the tuition is F = 8, and the government pays M = 3 of the tuition, what is the optimal level of schooling for this worker. 2. Suppose the worker is uncertain about the wage she might receive after the graduation. With the probability 0.4 she expects the wage to be wL(A,S) = 0.5A √ S, with probability 0.5 she expects the wage to be wM(A,S) = A √ S, and with probability 0.1 she expects the wage to be wH(A,S) = 3A √ S. If the workers is risk-neutral, what is her optimal level of schooling? (use parameters from 1.)Graphically illustrate the TANF example with a 2,000-hour constraint between work and leisure and a $10 per hour wage rate. Illustrate two cases in the same graph, a guaranteed benefit of $5,000 and $3,000 with a benefit reduction rate of 50% in both cases. Identify the case of Sarah who reduces leisure when the guaranteed benefit is reduced from $5,000 to $3,000.
- True or False. Explain why. Deniz’s preferences for consumption and leisure is as follows:U(C,L)=C2LDeniz has 100 hours in the week available to split between work and leisure. She earns $10 per hour after taxes. She also receives $260 worth of welfare benefits each week. Deniz’s optimal amount of leisure time will be 45 whereas labour supply will be 55.Jasmine can work as much as 64 hours per week. She receives $200 per week in non-wage income. Her utility function for leisure and consumption is U(R, C) = 320R(1/2) + 2C , where R is hours of leisure and C is consumption. The price of consumption is unity. (a) What is Jasmine's reservation wage? (b) How much will Jasmine work when the wage is $20 per hour?Exercise 15.2 and Exercise 15.3 asked you to describe the labor-leisure tradeoff for Jonathon. Since, in the first example, there is no monetary incentive for Jonathon to work, explain why he may choose to work anyway. Explain what the opportunity costs of working and not working might be for Jonathon in each example. Using your tables and graphs from Exercise 15.2 and Exercise 15.3, analyze how the government welfare system affects Jonathans incentive to work.
- (Please explain with graphic) Suppose that a consumer cannot vary hours of work as he or she chooses. In particular, he or she must choose between working q hours and not working at all, where q > 0. Suppose that dividend income is zero, and that the consumer pays a tax T if he or she works, and receives a benefit b when not working, interpreted as an unemployment insurance payment. a. If the wage rate increases, how does this affect the consumer’s hours of work? What does this have to say about what we would observe about the behavior of actual consumers when wages change? Explained also with the graph b. Suppose that the unemployment insurance benefit increases. How will this affect hours of work? Explain the implications of this for unemployment insurance programs. Explained also with the graphConsider an income guarantee program with an income guarantee of $5,000 and a benefit reduction rate of 40%. A person can work up to 2,000 hours per year at $10 per hour. a. Draw the person’s budget constraint with the income guarantee. b. Suppose that the income guarantee rises to $7,500 but with a 60% reduction rate. Draw the new budget constraint c. Which of these two income guarantee programs is more likely to discourage work? Explain. Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completely. You will get up vote for sure.Marley has 100 hours per week available she can spend either working or doing leisure activities. He can work at a wage rate of $50 per hour. Bob receives $1000 of rental income per week, no matter how much he works. Use leisure-income model to solve this:- i) draw Marley budget line and optimal choice of working 80 hours in a week then calculate the maximum and optimal amount of income ii.) And suppose Marley is suppose to share the household expenses and then be taxed 50% of her wage income. then draw another diagram to compare Marley choice in Part i) and the new labour supply decision of working 90 hours per week due to the tax. Clearly label out the income effect, substitution effect and total effect in the diagram.