What mechanisms link low systemic blood pressure in this patient to the low urine output?

Q: Explain how a respiratory infection such aspneumonia can aggravate the effects of uremia?

A: The lungs and kidneys work together for maintaining the acid-base balance within the body. The upper…

Q: What happens to excreted H+ ions from a PCT cell?

A: The urinary system through 2 methods helps to change the blood pH by excretion of hydrogen ions as…

Q: What would be the impact of dysfunctional (leaky) glomerular basal lamina?What effect would this…

A: Marcello Malpigh, an Italian scientist, identified the glomerulus.  A little ball-shaped structure…

Q: If renal plasma clearance value of substance X Is 55 mL/min, that means. Multiple Cholce that 55 ml…

A: Introduction: The correct choice is option (a) 55ml of substance X is filtered.

Q: Why does the glomerulus have a high-pressure capillary network? Explain.

A: Glomerulus is defined as the network of blood capillaries present in the kidney. The network of…

Q: What is the net filtration pressure?

A: The urinary system consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are present in a…

Q: What are some of the long term repercussions of kidney donation?

A: Kidney donation does not change life expectancy, and does not appear to increase the risk of kidney…

Q: Explain how plasma clearance is used to calculate renalplasma flow

A: Plasma clearance is seen in terms of Para-aminohippurate clearance. It is measured in either L/hr or…

Q: Which pressure would be affected by an obstruction in the capillary? Would this increase or decrease…

A: INTRODUCTION Capillary pressure is the pressure difference across the interface between two…

Q: Which part of the filtration membrane prevents red blood cells from entering the capsular space?

A: Filtration membrane:             A glomerular capillary that comprises of leaky barrier and the…

Q: Give the digrammatic representation showing Arterial system of uromastix?

A: Uromastix is a spiny-tailed lizard found in deserts. Its blood vascular system is closed and…

Q: What is the process that occurs when all of the filtered bicarbonate has been reabsorbed?

A: This process occur in the kidneys.

Q: Explain how various factors affect the rate of glomerularfiltration and identify ways this rate is…

A: GLOMERULAR FILTRATION - glomerular filtration is the first step in urine formation that is…

Q: What factors may explain the difference in serum and urine creatinine levels?

A: Creatinine is a non-protein nitrogenous compound that is toxic and is produced by the breakdown of…

Q: What is autoregulation in the kidney? What other regulatory mechanisms are at work in renal…

A: Kidneys are the primary organs of the excretory system.

Q: How would you explain the significant elevations of uric acid on admission?

A: ALL is a type of bone marrow and blood cancer that is very prevalent in infants. In this condition,…

Q: What is proteinuria? Whyis proteinuria a sign ofglomerular renal injury?

A: Any infection that occurs in the urinary tract is known as urinary tract infection. The urinary…

Q: Why did the differential renal vein renin test show an increase in the blocked renal artery side…

A: Renal vein renin test compare the renin release from two kidneys. It is the ratio of the measurement…

Q: Pressures affecting the glomerular filtration rate is

A: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test that is used to determine the functionality of the…

Q: Define the term pressure natriuresis?

A: Natriuresis and diuresis occur with a reduction of pressure following intravenous infusion of ANP in…

Q: Why is high blood pressure damaging to the kidneys?

A: High blood pressure also known as hypertension referes to the pressure of blood against the artery…

Q: why does the kidney receive 1/4 of cardiac output?

A: Renal blood flow refers to the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys/unit time. The kidneys…

Q: How does hypertension affect urinary function?

A: Hypertension simply means elevation in blood pressure. It can be caused by various factors…

Q: Explain the anatomical features that create high glomerular capillary blood pressure and explain why…

A: The glomerulus consists of the grid of tiny blood vessels (capillaries) called the tuft. It is…

Q: The collecting duct reabsorption of Na+ causes?

A: Nephrons are the structural and functional units of kidney and are responsible for the formation of…

Q: What is micturition and describe the micturition reflex?

A: Micturition or urination is the process of urine ejection from the urinary bladder through urethra…

Q: Why is blood filtration important and briefly describe how this is achieved

A: Blood should be filtered to remove waste and toxin materials from the blood. The process occurs…

Q: Why would the differential renal vein renin test show an increase in the blocked renal artery side…

A: Renal vein renin test measures the ratio between the ischemic kidney and that of contralateral…

Q: Even though mutations of aquaporin-3 and aquaporin-4 in the collecting duct have not been described…

A: The kidney is the primary organ of the excretory system that removes waste products from the body…

Q: Why is edema present in individuals with nephrotic syndrome?

A: Introduction  Pressure plays an important role in sustaining the normal physiology of the body.…

Q: What type of gradient is being established in the medulla of the kidney?

A: Kidneys are made up of a large number of smaller units called nephrons. The nephron is the…

Q: What is atrial natriuretic factor?

A: There are several hormones which play an active part in the regulation of kidney functions.

Q: Write the formula for determining net filtration pressure in the capillaries.

A: Introduction  Water is crucial for survival for almost all type of species be it animals or plants.…

Q: Identify the various electrolytes, and give normal serum values for each.

A: Respiration is the process through which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the…

Q: What is the PH of urine.

A: pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. The…

Q: explain the force allowing the kidneys to retain water under more normal conditions versus when…

A: Kidneys are the pair of organs and are bean shaped and are present on both sides of the spine. They…

Q: What is unique about blood flow out of the glomerular capillaries (Hint: what vessel drains them)?…

A: The glomerulus is a network of small blood vessels known as tuft, located at the beginning of a…

Q: What are the usual and pathologic routes of fluid exit from the body?

A: The human body maintains its homeostasis by means of balancing internal stability in response to…

Q: Is Hypertension often an early sign of renal failure? How?

A: Every minute, healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood, eliminating wastes and excess water…

Q: Why does bladder exstrophy occur?

A: Urinary bladder is a part of excretory system that tends to store urine till it is passed out…

Q: What will happen to urine production if ADH is higher or lower than normal?

A: Antidiuretic hormone is also called vasopressin.It is a hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus but…