Concept 23. A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides. This concept describes the discovery of the DNA sequencing technique that made modern biology and bioinformatics possible. The method was later used to sequence the human genome and genomes of many other organisms. This led to the accumulation of great numbers of nucleotide and protein sequences in the numerous databases.The concept 23 web page is here: http://www.dnaftb.org/23/ After reading the Concept page, answer the following questions.What was the Mendel’s definition of a gene? How was it different from the definition by Beadle and Tatum?Describe proteins based on the early sequencing efforts.What was the definition of a protein coding gene based on the genetic code?What are the beginning and ending codons of the gene’s protein coding sequence?What is the name of the method that makes use of a “defective” DNA nucleotide? After reviewing the Animation pages, answer the following questions.Who was the first to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein?What is the number of amino acids in the insulin monomer molecule? Are there α helices or β sheets in the picture?Why knowing the amino acid sequence of a protein does not tell us the exact nucleotide sequence of its gene?How many different codons may code for each of the following amino acids – leucine (Leu), valine (Val), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine (Ala), tyrosine (Tyr)?What method did Sanger develop in the early 1970s and who developed an alternative method?Which method did become the most popular?What nucleotides are included in the poly-thymine DNA and its complimentary strand?What is a hydroxyl group? It is shown in a blue square before the next nucleotide bonds to the strand.Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate and a base. Which part does include the 3́ and 5́ carbon atoms?Which nucleotide part will be between the 5́ carbon of the “incoming” deoxynucleotide (dNTP) and the 3́ carbon of the dNTP at the end of the DNA chain?What is the difference between deoxynucleotide (dNTP) and dideoxynucleotide (didNTP)?Why does the addition of a didNTP halt elongation of the DNA chain?How many separate reactions were set in the termination method and why? Please explain.What did each reaction (test tube in the picture) contain? What is a primer?What was added to each reaction (test tube)?How was the DNA denatured into single strands?What was the role of heat in this process? What was the temperature needed for denaturation?What did happen when the temperature was lowered?What was the role of the primer in DNA replication?When and why was DNA synthesis (elongation) terminated?Why this reaction does result in a collection of DNA strands of different lengths?Why do the DNA molecules migrate toward the positive pole of an electric field?Why is DNA negatively charged?The movement of DNA molecules through the polyacrylamide gel is size-dependent. What does it mean?Why was a blue dye added to the samples?Which molecules do move further down the gel, shorter or larger ones?What does one band in the gel represent?What was the role of the radioactive adenine and other radioactive nucleotides?How is the sequencing gel read? Please explain.How many base pairs could a typical sequencing reaction yield?It is technically more difficult to sequence RNA than DNA. Why do you think this is true? After reviewing the Problem pages, answer the following questions.What is the number of lanes in the sequencing gel? Explain why this number of lanes is necessary.What are the DNA, RNA and amino acid sequences (for all three reading frames) based on the autoradiogram?How many reading frames does one DNA strand have? Please explain.How many reading frames does a DNA molecule have? Please explain.Why do you need to consider all reading frames for a DNA molecule?What is the “other” mRNA that could be made?What are the amino acid sequences for frames 4, 5 and 6?Which reading frames would be good candidates for the possible genes and why? After reviewing Frederick Sanger’s Biography page, answer the following questions.When did Sanger receive each of his two Nobel prizes?What were the prizes for?

Question

Concept 23. A gene is a discrete sequence of DNA nucleotides.                    This concept describes the discovery of the DNA sequencing technique that made modern biology and bioinformatics possible. The method was later used to sequence the human genome and genomes of many other organisms. This led to the accumulation of great numbers of nucleotide and protein sequences in the numerous databases.The concept 23 web page is here: http://www.dnaftb.org/23/ After reading the Concept page, answer the following questions.What was the Mendel’s definition of a gene? How was it different from the definition by Beadle and Tatum?Describe proteins based on the early sequencing efforts.What was the definition of a protein coding gene based on the genetic code?What are the beginning and ending codons of the gene’s protein coding sequence?What is the name of the method that makes use of a “defective” DNA nucleotide? After reviewing the Animation pages, answer the following questions.Who was the first to determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein?What is the number of amino acids in the insulin monomer molecule? Are there α helices or β sheets in the picture?Why knowing the amino acid sequence of a protein does not tell us the exact nucleotide sequence of its gene?How many different codons may code for each of the following amino acids – leucine (Leu), valine (Val), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine (Ala), tyrosine (Tyr)?What method did Sanger develop in the early 1970s and who developed an alternative method?Which method did become the most popular?What nucleotides are included in the poly-thymine DNA and its complimentary strand?What is a hydroxyl group? It is shown in a blue square before the next nucleotide bonds to the strand.Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate and a base. Which part does include the 3́ and 5́ carbon atoms?Which nucleotide part will be between the 5́ carbon of the “incoming” deoxynucleotide (dNTP) and the 3́ carbon of the dNTP at the end of the DNA chain?What is the difference between deoxynucleotide (dNTP) and dideoxynucleotide (didNTP)?Why does the addition of a didNTP halt elongation of the DNA chain?How many separate reactions were set in the termination method and why? Please explain.What did each reaction (test tube in the picture) contain? What is a primer?What was added to each reaction (test tube)?How was the DNA denatured into single strands?What was the role of heat in this process? What was the temperature needed for denaturation?What did happen when the temperature was lowered?What was the role of the primer in DNA replication?When and why was DNA synthesis (elongation) terminated?Why this reaction does result in a collection of DNA strands of different lengths?Why do the DNA molecules migrate toward the positive pole of an electric field?Why is DNA negatively charged?The movement of DNA molecules through the polyacrylamide gel is size-dependent. What does it mean?Why was a blue dye added to the samples?Which molecules do move further down the gel, shorter or larger ones?What does one band in the gel represent?What was the role of the radioactive adenine and other radioactive nucleotides?How is the sequencing gel read? Please explain.How many base pairs could a typical sequencing reaction yield?It is technically more difficult to sequence RNA than DNA. Why do you think this is true? After reviewing the Problem pages, answer the following questions.What is the number of lanes in the sequencing gel? Explain why this number of lanes is necessary.What are the DNA, RNA and amino acid sequences (for all three reading frames) based on the autoradiogram?How many reading frames does one DNA strand have? Please explain.How many reading frames does a DNA molecule have? Please explain.Why do you need to consider all reading frames for a DNA molecule?What is the “other” mRNA that could be made?What are the amino acid sequences for frames 4, 5 and 6?Which reading frames would be good candidates for the possible genes and why? After reviewing Frederick Sanger’s Biography page, answer the following questions.When did Sanger receive each of his two Nobel prizes?What were the prizes for?

Accepted Answer

Please note that keeping with regulations the first 3 questions (actually 5) are answered below,…