Which of the following statements does not accurately complete this statement: An epigenetic trait _________. can be passed from mother cell to daughter cell by mitosis can be passed to the next generation by meiosis is a change in the DNA sequence causes changes in gene expression All are accurate Of the following, which is a good example of epigenetic changes? methylation of DNA bases addition of acetyl groups to histones CpG islands imprinting of genes All are good examples of epigenetic changes

Which of the following statements does not accurately complete this statement: An epigenetic trait _________. can be passed from mother cell to daughter cell by mitosis can be passed to the next generation by meiosis is a change in the DNA sequence causes changes in gene expression All are accurate Of the following, which is a good example of epigenetic changes? methylation of DNA bases addition of acetyl groups to histones CpG islands imprinting of genes All are good examples of epigenetic changes

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter6: Cytogenetics: Karyotypes And Chromosome Aberrations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17QP

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Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 3. There was no correlation between early death of a male child and eating habits of his paternal grandmother, hut there was a strong correlation with the eating habits of his paternal grandfather. What does this tell you about the probable location of epigenetic changes that gave rise to these data?
Effect of Paternal Grandmothers Food Supply on Infant Mortality Researchers are investigating long- reaching epigenetic effects of starvation, in part because historical data on periods of famine are widely available. Before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn typically led to severe food shortages the following winter. A retrospective study has correlated female infant mortality at certain ages with the abundance of food during the paternal grandmothers childhood. FIGURE 10.12 shows some of the results of this study. FIGURE 10.12 Graph showing the relative risk of early death of a female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of morality. A value above the line means an increases risk; one below the line indicates a reduced risk. 1. Compare the mortality of girls whose paternal grandmothers ate well at age 2 with that of those who experienced famine at the same age. Which girl was more likely to die early? How much more likely was she to die?
A couple well informed about the epigenetic effects of nutritionand dietary supplements such as choline and folatedecided to take supplements before trying to get pregnant.Their first child was born with hair and eye colors very differentfrom the parents and has been consistently praised by teachersfor learning ability and memory. The couple attributes these characteristicsto their intake of epigenetic supplements. Now theywish to have another child and have informed their physician thatthey intend to greatly increase the amount of supplements theytake to increase the epigenetic effects in their child. The physiciancautioned them that studies available in human trials showno effect of choline on learning and that excess intake of folateduring pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk ofautism spectrum disorder in the child. The couple is convincedthat these studies are not conclusive, and while more research isneeded, they intend to pursue their plan of increasing their…
Are the following events best explained by mutation or epimutation? A. imprinting of the Igf2 geneB. variation in coat color in mice carrying the Avy alleleC. formation of cancer cellsD. variation in flower color between different strains of pea plants,such as purple versus whiteE. X-chromosome inactivation
Having a mutant form of the gene XYZ is associated with a higher incidence of cancer than is seen in the general population. If mutant XYZ runs in a woman’s family, will she automatically get cancer? Explain why or why not.
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer in which tumors developin the retina of the eye. The tumors arise because of theloss of the Rb gene, which codes for a tumor suppressor.Hereditary retinoblastoma usually appears in children whohave inherited only one functional copy of Rb. Explain whythe nonhereditary form of retinoblastoma usually occurs laterin life.
. Neurofibromas are tumors of the skin that can arisewhen a skin cell that is originally NF1+/ NF1− losesthe NF1+ allele. This wild-type allele encodes a functional protein (called a tumor suppressor), while theNF1− allele encodes a nonfunctional protein.A patient of genotype NF1+ / NF1− has 20 independent tumors in different areas of the skin. Samplesare taken of normal, noncancerous cells from thispatient, as well as of cells from each of the 20 tumors.Extracts of these samples are analyzed by a techniquecalled gel electrophoresis that can detect variantforms of four different proteins (A, B, C, and D) allencoded by genes that lie on the same autosome asNF1. Each protein has a slow (S) and a fast (F) formthat are encoded by different alleles (for example, ASand AF). In the extract of normal tissue, slow and fastvariants of all four proteins are found. In the extractsof the tumors, 12 had only the fast variants of proteinsA and D but both the fast and slow variants of proteins B and…
Figure 19.25 shows that the Sxl protein binds to the mRNA of the msl-2 gene, inhibiting translation of the mRNA’s proper reading frame. The MSL-2 protein is a transcription factor that binds to the X chromosome in XY males to double the level of X-linked gene transcription, thus equalizing X-linked gene expression in XY males and XX females. a. In which sex, XY males or XX females, would the Sxl protein bind to the msl-2 mRNA? b. As discussed in Problem 35, some Sxl alleles are lethal to females and others are lethal to males. Is the function of Sxl in regulating the synthesis of Msl-2 protein sufficient to explain the sex-specific lethality caused by both kinds of alleles? c. Predict the effect of loss-of-function mutations in msl-2 on male and female fertility and viability.
Describe when X-chromosome inactivation occurs and how thisleads to phenotypic results at the organism level. In your answer,you should explain why XCI causes results such as variegated coatpatterns in mammals. Why do two different calico cats have theirpatches of orange and black fur in different places? Explainwhether or not a variegated coat pattern due to XCI could occur inmarsupials.
Hi im having some trouble with this question, if someone could help solve these with an explanation it would be very helpful! In cats, a gene on the X chromosome (X-linked) makes the protein amelogenin, which helps direct the formation of tooth enamel. A mutation in an amelogenin allele changes the amino acid sequence of the protein and can cause a condition called amelogenesis imperfecta, leading to defects in a cat’s tooth enamel. In one type of amelogenesis imperfecta in cats, the allele associated with the condition, a, acts in a recessive manner. Its dominant counterpart, A, results in normal levels of amelogenin. Additionally, the dominant allele H at an autosomal locus that regulates the expression of the protein Sonic Hedgehog is responsible for polydactyly (the presence of extra digits on each foot, “double paws”) and the expression of its recessive counterpart h results in the absence of polydactyly (having the 5 digits per front paw, and 4 digits per hind paw). A female cat…
Transmission of information from cells to cell or from parent to progeny that is not encoded in DNA. Choose only one please Epistatic inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Meiotic inheritance Genetic inheritance
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused bya recessive mutant allele of an X-linked gene calleddystrophin. Rarely, females have disease symptomsas severe as those in males hemizygous for therecessive allele. These females are heterozygous forX-autosome reciprocal translocations where the Xchromosome breakage occurred in the middle of thedystrophin gene, breaking it into two pieces.a. If it is equally likely for X chromosome inactivation to spread from either of the X chromosomeinactivation centers (XICs; see Fig. 12.15) in thecells of this patient, what proportion of her cellswould you expect to have normal function of thedystrophin gene?