Which of the following types of mutations are advantageous to cancer cell growth? a. Those resulting in defective mismatch repair b. Inherited defects in double-strand DNA repair c. A defect in nucleotide-excision repair d. A, B, and C e. None of the above
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- The BRCA genes produce DNA repair proteins. Genetic testing is available that can determine if a person has a mutation in the BRCA genes that makes the proteins less able to function. What is the result of a BRCA mutation? A. The person is more likely to develop cancer if other DNA in the cell mutates. B. The person is less likely to develop cancer unless the BRCA region is methylated. C. The person is less likely to develop cancer because the BRCA gene will inhibit the cell cycle checkpoints. D. The person is more likely to develop cancer because the BRCA gene promotes an increased rate for mitosis.For cancer to occur in an individual which of the following must occur? a an accumulation of multiple mutations in many different cells b a deletion of part of a gene c an accumulation of multiple mutations in an individual cell d chromosomal segment deletions e triploidyWhy do stem cells that have been damaged prefer apoptosis over repairing the genome? a. Stem cells cannot repair the damaged genome b. The repair machinery is not perfect and therefore prone to make mistakes c. They don't d. None of the above
- Which of the following would improve an individual's ability to avoid cancer while aging?: a. decreases DNA repair accuracy during mitosisb. makes him smaller (e.g., fewer total cells)c. Increase the rate of mitosisd. increases his number of copies of p53e. all of the abovef. none of the aboveWhich of the following must scientists understand in order to create effective cancer treatments? Select all that apply. a why cancer is difficult to treat b where cancer originated c how cancer cells multiply d how cancer cells growWhich of the following mutations is MOST likely to cause cancer? A) a mutation that causes a cyclin gene to be expressed at all times during the cell cycle B) a mutation that causes an oncogene to be turned off so that no protein is made C) a mutation that causes a Cdk gene to be turned off so that no protein is made D) a mutation that causes a tumor suppressor gene to be over-expressed
- With regard to cancer cells, which of the following statementsare true?A. Cancer cells are clonal, which means they are derived from asingle mutant cell.B. To become cancerous, cells usually accumulate multiplegenetic changes that eventually result in uncontrolledgrowth.C. Most cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.D. Cancer cells have lost the ability to properly regulate celldivision.Which of the following is not a tumor suppressor gene? a.RET b.RB c.BRCA1 d.BRCA2What separates cancer cells from normal cells? Describe one form of mutation that can increase the risk of a normal cell being cancerous.
- Which of the following are strategies used by stem cells to reduce risk of alterations in their genomes and cancer (select all that apply)? A. Divide frequently so mutations during replication are diluted out B. Express high levels of xenobiotic transporters to pump exogenous chemical out of cells C. During replication, stem cells keep newly replicated strand while transit cells keep template copy D. Activate apoptosis pathways rather than DNA repair pathways when undergo DNA damage E. Located in tissue sites with minimal exposure to exogenous chemicalsSuppose you discover a new gene called ABC that contributes to the efficiency of DNA damage repair. You have noticed that cells carrying mutations in this gene stop dividing and go into senescence. Do you think that mutations in this gene can cause cancer? Briefly explain your answer.The "initiation" stage of cancer refers to: a) The stage where DNA is mutated, and permanent DNA damage occurs b) The stage during which the mutated cells develop into a malignant cell population c) The stage during which "promoters" enhance the further development of the mutated cells d) The stage during which cancer breaks away from the primary origin and metastasizes