In DNA repair, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?

Q: How can the role of epigenetics in cancer be reconciled with the idea that cancer is caused by the…

A: Epigenetics is the study of various alterations in an organism occurred because of certain gene…

Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…

A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…

Q: Why are some chromosomal regions amplified/deleted in a specific manner in certain tumor types?

A: Chromosomal amplification: Chromosomal amplification can be explained as the increase in the amount…

Q: What is apoptosis? How is it beneficial to the body?

A: APOPTOSIS: * Apoptosis is a type of programmed cell death in which some steps in cell will leads to…

Q: Explain how p53 functions as a tumor suppressor gene. How can mutations in p53 lead to cancer, and…

A: Normal cell has low level of p53 protein. When DNA damage or other stress signals may trigger p53…

Q: Which of the following best describes a gene that codes for a tumor-suppressor protein? a. One that…

A: Cell growth is the process by which cells gain mass and expand in size. Animal cells that are…

Q: How does a normal cell become a cancerous cell? What has to happen to it?

A: NOTE:- "As you have posted multiple questions under one, we will solve the first part for you, to…

Q: What are Two kinds of cancer-producing mutations?

A: Cancer is defined as any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of…

Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

A: The proto-oncogenes are those genes, which promote the cell cycle and inhibit apoptosis of the…

Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell…

A: Cancer is the uncontrolled cell division where he ell continuously divides. Cancer cells thus become…

Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…

A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…

Q: The TP53 gene provides instructions for making a protein called tumor protein p53. Known as the…

A: Deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviated as DNA, is a double-helix made-up of nucleic acids. Its role in…

Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…

A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…

Q: Most forms of cancer are caused by environmental agents that produce mutations in somatic cells. Is…

A: Environmental factors have been known to trigger a lot of the mutations which develop into cancerous…

Q: Which of the following is not a tumor suppressor gene? a.RET b.RB c.BRCA1 d.BRCA2

A: A normal cell undergoes regulated division, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).…

Q: Some cancers are consistently associated with the deletion of a particularpart of a chromosome. Does…

A: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that encode for proteins required for the promotion of cell cycle.…

Q: What is the working of Tumor suppressor genes ?

A: There are two types of genes that are associated with tumors: Oncogenes: These genes when directly…

Q: How do oncogenes differ from tumor suppressor genes?

A: Oncogenes are a physically and functionally diverse set of genes, the protein products of which act…

Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…

A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…

Q: In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an…

A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…

Q: What would be the effect of a mutation that inactivates the p14ARF tumor suppressor upon p53…

A: p53 is known as a cellular tumor antigen 53 is a protein found in vertebrates that is responsible…

Q: How Mutations Cause Cancer Phenotypes?

A: The medical condition of cancer is generally characterized by the presence of a cluster of cells…

Q: What are Ras protein and p53? How can mutations in the genes for these proteins contribute to…

A: TP53 is the gene that translates the protein called tumor protein p53 which acts as a tumor…

Q: Do more mutations necessarily mean that more cancer-causing genes are faulty? Why or why not?

A: Biotechnology is a wide range of studies where it uses its techniques with biological systems to…

Q: how can breakdown in dna repair play a key role in the development of human cancers?

A: DNA can be changed by the copying errors introduced by DNA polymerase during replication.…

Q: Describe the steps by which the TP53 gene responds to DNA damage and/or cellular stress to promote…

A: It codes for a protein or a functional product rRNA (ribosomal RNA) or tRNA (transfer RNA). DNA is…

Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.

A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…

Q: Which type of mutation would NOT be involved in the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene?

A: Normal cell growth in body is controlled by -  1. Protooncogene or cellular oncogene - Protooncogene…

Q: Why is cancer a disease of individual cells? Because cancer involves cell proliferation None of the…

A: Cancer is defined as uncontrolled division of cells.

Q: How oncogenes contribute to cancer?

A: Cancer:       It is a disease where cells divide abnormally and damage other cells. There are…

Q: How can breakdown in DNA repair play arole in the development of human cancers?

A: One of the causative factors for cancer is the development of mutations in the genome or damage of…

Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…

A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…

Q: How tumor-suppressor mutations contribute to cancer?

A: Cancer - Cancer is a type of disease in which cells divide in an uncontrolled manner. The cells…

Q: How does the normal p53 protein inhibit cancer development?

A: Tumor-suppressor genes code for proteins that repair damaged DNA (preventing a cell from turning…

Q: Apart from p53, mention and describe the function of three tumor suppressor genes you know

A: The cancer related genes can be divided into two broad categories like the proto-oncogenes and tumor…

Q: Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a)…

A: Cells that progress through the cell cycle unchecked may sequentially develop malignant tumors.…

Q: The protein that ensures the fidelity of DNA replication is the a. tumor repressor P53 protein. b.…

A: The capacity of polymerase to prevent or rectify mistakes in the newly synthesized DNA strand is…

Q: Why are oncogenes usually dominant in their action, whereas tumor-suppressor genes are recessive?

A: BASIC INFORMATION ONCOGENES When there is alteration in the proto-onco genes then it leads to the…

Q: Is PI3K a proto-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene? Why

A: PI3K means Phospho inositol 3 kinase gene.It is involved in signalling pathways.It is the mutation…

Q: Why does a single mutation in a proto-oncogene, turning it into an oncogene potentially lead to a…

A: Proto- oncogene Activation of a proto- oncogene into an oncogene usually includes gain of function…

Q: If a particular proto-oncogene has been altered by mutation into an oncogene such that it is…

A: Proto oncogenes are the genes which are inactivated in normal cell but when they get activated, it…

Q: a. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this patient inherited the mutation from one…

A: There are various diagnostic technique used to diagnose cancer and they are:- Biopsy, Breast MRI,…

Q: In cell growth, how does the normal allele of BRCA1 work? Is it an oncogene or a tumor suppressor…

A: Cell growth is a very complex and orderly process in which various enzymes cell signaling pathways…

Q: How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 function in regard to cell proliferation (are they proto-oncogenes,…

A: jjBRCA proteins play an important role in a variety of biological functions. In response to DNA…

Q: Can you think of two ways in which the function of p53 can be disrupted?

A: P53 is a tumor suppressor gene which normally restrains growth and mutation in this causes loss of…

Viral Replication

The virus is acellular and considered non-living outside the host cell. The replication of the virus occurs only inside the living cells. Only a few genes are present in the smallest virus, whereas many genes are present in the largest virus. These genes encode specific viral proteins.