Why people with PK deficiency may tolerate a lower hemoglobin level than people with other types of anemia in which 2,3-DPG is not elevated?
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Why people with PK deficiency may tolerate a lower hemoglobin level than people with other types of anemia in which 2,3-DPG is not elevated? explain as simple as possible
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- Under appropriate conditions, hemoglobin dissociates into its four subunits. The isolated α subunit binds oxygen, but the O2 -saturation curve ishyperbolic rather than sigmoid. In addition, the binding of oxygen to the isolated α subunit is not affected by the presence of H+, CO2 , or BPG. What do these observations indicate about the source of the cooperativity in hemoglobin?Explain why glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) is a suitable index for long term hyperglycaemia.a) How does the fetal hemoglobin differ from the maternal hemoglobin in regards to structure and function? b) Explain the Bohr effect by drawing oxygen dissociation curves on a single graph that highlight changes in the hemoglobin affinity for O2 c) Describe the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia. Be specific
- What is the role of 2, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in the function of haemoglobin as an oxygen carrier molecule? Explain the binding mechanism and effect of 2,3-BPG leading to the reduced oxygen binding affinity for haemoglobin and transitions in the T (deoxygenated) and R (oxygenated) states of haemoglobin.One of the treatments for sickle cell anemia is hydroxyurea, which is known to induce the expression and production of fetal hemoglobin through a poorly defined mechanism. Explain how the increased expression of fetal hemoglobin can be a useful treatment for sickle cell anemia.What is the molecular basis for the difference in the electrophoretic pattern between normal hemoglobin A and hemoglobin S?
- What qualitative effect would you expect each of the following to have onthe P50 of hemoglobin?(a) Increase in pH from 7.2 to 7.4(b) Increase in PCO2 from 20 to 40 mm Hg(c) Dissociation into monomer polypeptide chains(d) Decrease in 2,3-BPG concentration from 7 mM to 5 mM in red cells.Hydroxyurea has been shown to increase the expression of fetal hemoglobin in adult red blood cells, by a mechanism that remains unclear. Explain why hydroxyurea can be a useful therapy for patients with sickle-cell anemia.Is there a better solution for treating hypercholesterolemia that statins
- Will a mutation from Distal histidine to phenylalanine shift the binding curve of hemoglobin?Will it shift the curve to the left or right, shift to myoglobin or no longer bind to O2?What is the function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)? Why do red blood cells have large amounts of BPG?People suffering with sickle cell anemia have a structural defect in hemoglobin (HB). The major reason for this structural change is mutation of glutamic acid to valine. This leads to a Exposure of polar amino acids, leading to disintegration of hemoglobin. b Burying of polar amino acids, leading to disintegration of hemoglobin. c Exposure of non-polar amino acids leading to long fiber formation. d Burying of non-polar amino acids thereby increasing hydrophobic interactions and formation of long fibres.
