EBK GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
5th Edition
ISBN: 8220100255250
Author: HARTWELL
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 1, Problem 11P
Mutations in genes that change their pattern of expression (the time and cell type in which the gene product is produced) are thought to be a major factor in the evolution of different organisms. Would you expect the same protein to perform the same bio-chemical function (for example, the same enzymatic reaction) in two different types of cells - for example, cells in the retina of the eye and muscle cells? Would you expect the same protein to function in the same biochemical pathway (for example, bind the same substrate) in eye cells and muscle cells?
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Random mutations only very rarely result in changes in a protein that improve its usefulness for the cell, yet useful mutations are selected in evolution. Because these changes are so rare, for each useful mutation there are innumerable mutations that lead to either no improvement or inactive proteins. Why, then, do cells not contain millions of proteins that are of no use?
A molecular researcher, Dr. Sidra Alkatini, is investigating the manifestation of a disorder in some of her lab mice models, which are lacking production of an important protein necessary for the cellular respiration pathway. The afflicted mice are short lived, and have perpetually low blood glucose levels, no matter how much food they are fed. Through sequencing, the following strand of DNA was produced:
5’ TTC CAA TTA CGC CGC TAT ACG CGC ACC ATG TTA TCA TGT TGG TGG TAG 3’
Given your expertise in genetics, she contacts you, her BFF, to help her understand the sequence and its relation to the genetic disorder she is seeing.
1)
What motif in this DNA sequence would serve as the RBS?
a
Essentially none; this is a eukaryotic sequence, so the RBS will be made up of the methylated G-cap!
b
CAAT!
c
ACCATGG!
d
TATA!
2)
Do you notice anything unusual about this transcript?
a
YES! It is very short!
b
YES! It is…
A molecular researcher, Dr. Sidra Alkatini, is investigating the manifestation of a disorder in some of her lab mice models, which are lacking production of an important protein necessary for the cellular respiration pathway. The afflicted mice are short lived, and have perpetually low blood glucose levels, no matter how much food they are fed. Through sequencing, the following strand of DNA was produced:
5’ TTC CAA TTA CGC CGC TAT ACG CGC ACC ATG TTA TCA TGT TGG TGG TAG 3’
Given your expertise in genetics, she contacts you, her BFF, to help her understand the sequence and its relation to the genetic disorder she is seeing.
1)
Considering the entire DNA sequence shown above, specify the numbered codon that represents START.
a
Codon 10.
b
Codons 12-13.
c
Codon 9.
d
Codons 28-30.
2)
Indicate three motifs that justify this as being a eukaryotic sequence.
a
CAAT, TATA, ACCATGG.
b
GACA, TATAAT, AAUAA.…
Chapter 1 Solutions
EBK GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
Ch. 1 - Choose the phrase from the right column that best...Ch. 1 - If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base...Ch. 1 - The size of one copy of the human genome is...Ch. 1 - Indicate whether each of the following words or...Ch. 1 - a. How many different DNA strands composed of 100...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that all forms of life on...Ch. 1 - Why would a geneticist study a yeast cell or a...Ch. 1 - How can a scientist tell if a protein present in...Ch. 1 - Why do scientists think that new genes arise by...Ch. 1 - Explain how the exon/intron structure of genes...
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- A molecular researcher, Dr. Sidra Alkatini, is investigating the manifestation of a disorder in some of her lab mice models, which are lacking production of an important protein necessary for the cellular respiration pathway. The afflicted mice are short lived, and have perpetually low blood glucose levels, no matter how much food they are fed. Through sequencing, the following strand of DNA was produced: 5’ TTC CAA TTA CGC CGC TAT ACG CGC ACC ATG TTA TCA TGT TGG TGG TAG 3’ Given your expertise in genetics, she contacts you, her BFF, to help her understand the sequence and its relation to the genetic disorder she is seeing. 1) Now that you have seen the sequence and identified some of the major motifs it contains, what are going to tell Dr. Alkatini about in relation to the genetic disorder she is seeing? a “Listen, Doc, it is clear there is no STOP signal in the last codon place where it normally should be.” b “Listen, Doc, the fact…arrow_forwardYou are a molecular biologist studying a defective human protein that is known to be the cause of a rare cancer. You isolate the suspected protein from a person with this cancer and compare it to the same protein in a person without the cancer. You discover that the protein isolated from the cancer patient is slightly smaller in size when compared to the protein from the unaffected patient. Furthermore, you discover that the protein from the cancer patient differs in almost every amino acid starting after the twenty-third amino acid. What is the likely explanation?arrow_forwardYou are a molecular biologist studying a defective human protein that is known to be a cause of a rare cancer. You isolate the suspected protein from a person with this cancer and compare it to the same protein in a person without the cancer. You discover that the protein isolated from the cancer patient is slightly smaller in size when compared to the protein from the unaffected patient. Furthermore, you discover that the protein from the cancer patient differs in almost every amino acid starting after the 23rd amino acid. What is the likely explanation?arrow_forward
- Higashi et al. (1986) found that three critical mutations were found in one of the two genes coding for 21-hydroxylase to render the gene nonfunctional. The following is a partial DNA sequence from one of the 21-hydroxylase genes where one of the three most common mutations occurs. For the following piece of normal DNA from the 21-hydroxylase gene, fill in the corresponding mRNA codons, and amino acids, and then do the same for the mutated sequence below it. GCT GAC GTC CTC CTC normal DNA sequence normal mRNA sequence normal amino acid sequencearrow_forwardA scientist observing a cell during gene expression would be able to easily distinguish it as a prokaryotic cell by which of the following observations? Group of answer choices as soon as the DNA introns are removed from the template after the 5' caps are converted to mRNA after a transcription initiation complex has been formed during transcription once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA 2. Which of the following would best ensure that a kidney cell and a liver cell from the same person would express different genes? Group of answer choices differences in introns unique sets of transcription factors they only have specific genes unique sets of promotersarrow_forwardsuppose that a gene has a mutation that changes one nucleotide. Because of this one nucleotide change, the mRNA produced from this gene has a slightly difference sequence compared to the mRNA produced from the unaltered/non-mutated gene. However, the resulting protein produced from both of these gene versions is exactly the same. This type of mutation would be classified asarrow_forward
- Over several years, researchers learned more about proteins and the genes which code for them, the findings of which lead them to revise the original one gene-one enzyme hypothesis. Which of the following is NOT one of the findings which led to revision? a. many genes code can code for RNA molecules which never go on to produce a protein at all b. oftentimes, many genes are required to produce a single protein, where one gene produces one polypeptide and many polypeptides together make the single protein c. in addition to enzymes, gene products also include non-enzyme proteins like keratin and insulin d. a single gene produces one specific enzyme e. a single gene may code for multiple different (closely related) polypeptidesarrow_forwardVarious strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells? A - Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes. B - Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable. C - Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA. D - Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.arrow_forwardA scientist observing a cell during gene expression would be able to easily distinguish it as a prokaryotic cell by which of the following observations? Group of answer choices as soon as the DNA introns are removed from the template after the 5' caps are converted to mRNA after a transcription initiation complex has been formed during transcription once the pre-mRNA has been converted to mRNA 2. A scientist working in an IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinic mistakenly produced a human zygote with 45 chromosomes. What biological process could explain how this happened? Group of answer choices failure of an egg to complete meiosis II failure of the egg nucleus to be fertilized by the sperm a non-disjunction in meiotic anaphase occurring in either an egg or sperm incomplete cytokinesis during spermatogenesis after meiosis Iarrow_forward
- In order to manufacture insulin for patients with diabetes, scientists create recombinant DNA by inserting a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA and have the bacteria produce human insulin. Based on what you have learned in this unit about gene expression, what must the scientists do to the DNA sequence of the human insulin gene BEFORE inserting it into the bacteria, in order to have them produce the same insulin sequence that humans would produce? Explain.arrow_forwardSuppose that you are hired by a biotechnology firm to produce a strain of giant fruit flies, by using recombinant DNA technology, so that genetics students will not be forced to strain their eyes when looking at tiny flies. You go to the library and learn that growth in fruit flies is normally inhibited by a hormone called shorty substance P (SSP). You decide that you can produce giant fruit flies if you can somehow turn off the production of SSP. SSP is synthesized from a compound called XSP in a single-step reaction catalyzed by the enzyme runtase: XSP———————>SSP runtase A researcher has already isolated cDNA for runtase and has sequenced it, but the location of the runtase gene in the Drosophila genome is unknown. In attempting to devise a strategy for turning off the production of SSP and producing giant flies by using standard recombinant DNA techniques, you discover that deleting, inactivating, or otherwise mutating this DNA sequence in Drosophila turns out to be extremely…arrow_forwardYou are studying a protein called Fatransformase that affects the saturation of phospholipds in plasma membranes in different species of frogs. You notice that in Froggus goofus and Froggus croakus that the Fatransformase is not active at cold temperatures (below 10oC). Upon closer inspection, you see that each species has a different method of gene expression for the enzyme. In Froggus goofus the Fatransformase protein is present at 10oC in the cells but is not active. In Froggus croakus the protein is not present at all. Indicate the level of regulation (name) that is occurring in each species and include/describe an example of what could be occurring at a molecular level.arrow_forward
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