Convection ovens operate on the principle of inducing forced convection inside the oven chamber with a fan. A small cake is to be baked in an oven when the convection feature is disabled. For this situation, the free convection coefficient associated with the cake and its pan is
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Introduction to Heat Transfer
- An electrical transmission line of 1.2-cm diameter carries a current of 200 amps and has a resistance of 310-4 ohm per meter of length. If the air around this line is at v, determine the surface temperature on a windy day, assuming a wind blows across the line at 33 km/h.arrow_forward1. (a) Consider a room with a 1.8-m-high and 2.0-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 4-mm-thick layers of glass separated by a 10-mm-wide stagnant air space. The convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the window are 12 W/m2 K and 25 W/m2 K, respectively, while the average thermal conductivity of glass is 0.78 W/m K; and the air, 0.026 W/m K. If the room is maintained at 22 oC, the outside temperature is -4 oC and heat transfer due to radiation can be neglected, determine: (i) Draw the sketch and thermal resistance network; (ii) the total thermal resistance; (iii) the steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window; (iv) the temperature of the inner surface of the window.…arrow_forwardA long stainless-steel (AISI 316) steam pipe, with an inside diameter of 6.00 cm and an outside diameter of 8.00 cm, is covered with a layer of asbestos insulation (k = 0.150 W/m-K) 1.00 cm thick, which in turn is covered with foam insulation (k = 0.044 W/m-K) 6.00 cm thick. The inside surface temperature of the stainless-steel steam pipe is measured to be 250.0°C, while the outside surface of the foam is exposed to convection, T_inf = 25.0°C, h_inf = 15.0 W/m^2-K. • Draw and label a sketch of this system. Include dimensions, known temperatures, etc. • Draw and completely label the corresponding 1-D steady-state conduction resistor diagram. • Determine the heat transfer rate through the pipe per unit length. • Calculate the temperature at the asbestos/foam interface.arrow_forward
- The emissivity of galvanized steel sheet, a common roofing material, is ε = 0.13 at temperatures around 300 K, while its absorptivity for solar irradiation is αS = 0.65. Would the neighborhood cat be comfortable walking on a roof constructed of the material on a day when GS = 750 W/m2, T∞ = 16°C, and h = 7 W/m2 · K? Assume the bottom surface of the steel is insulated.arrow_forwardA 6-mm-diameter electrical transmission line carries an electric current of 50 A and has a resistance of 0.002 ohm/m length. Determine the surface temperature of the wire during a windy day when the air temperature is 10°C and the wind is blowing across the transmission line at 40 km/h.arrow_forwardThe interior of a refrigerator whose dimensions are 0.05 x 0.05 dam base area and 1.25 m high, must be kept at 4 °C. The refrigerator walls are constructed of two steel sheets (k= 35 kcal/h.m.°C) 3 mm thick, with 65 mm of material insulation (k=0.213 kcal/h.m.°C) between them. The film coefficient of the inner surface is 10 kcal/h.m².°C, while on the external surface it varies from 8 to 12.5 kcal/h.m².°C. Calculate: a) The power (in HP) of the refrigerator motor so that the heat flux removed from the inside the refrigerator maintain the specified temperature, in a kitchen whose temperature can vary from 21 to 36 °C; b) The temperatures of the inner and outer surfaces of the wall. Given 1 HP = 641.2 Kcal/harrow_forward
- Steam at a temperature of 723 K is flowing through a pipe with an outer diameter of 100 mm. The pipe is insulated with 30-mm thick mineral wool, the average thermal conductivity of which is 0.065 W/m.K. Determine the outside surface temperature of mineral wool if the ambient air temperature is 300 Assume the hot-surface temperature of the mineral wool is the same as that of the flowing steam and the value of the surface coefficient of the insulating material is 33 W/m2.K.arrow_forwardIn presence of an external flow when will the convective heat transfer be dominated by free convection and not by the forced convection due to the external flow? Gr ≫ Re². Gr ≪ Re. Gr ≫ Re. Gr ≪ Re For ideal gases, the specific heat capacity at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and Prandtl number are independent of pressure. How will the ratio of thicknesses of velocity boundary layer and thermal boundary layer change if pressure is increased from 1 atm to 5 atm for the flow of an ideal gas over a flat plate? It will decrease by a factor of 5. It will remain the same. It will increase by a factor of 5. We need to know the actual fluid properties to tell.arrow_forwardIn a new residential project, you strongly believe thatdouble-paned windows are ‘better’ than single-paned windows.Compare the rate of heat loss between single and double-panedwindows (1.5 m x 1 m) if the thickness of each pane is (th = 0.4 cm)and (k = 0.9 W/m.K). The indoor and outdoor temperatures are 18°C and 2 °C, respectively. Thickness of the air gap between thedouble-paned windows is (th = 1 cm), and (k = 0.022 W/m.K).Image credit: Windowwhirl.arrow_forward
- You’ve experienced convection cooling if you’ve ever extended your hand out the window of a moving vehicle or into a flowing water stream. With the surface of your hand at a temperature of 30degC, determine the convection heat flux for (a) a vehicle speed of 47 km/h in air at 5degC with a convection coefficient of 40 W/m^2-K and (b) a velocity of 0.4 m/s in a water stream at10degC with a convection coefficient of 900 W/m^2-K. Which condition would feel colder? Add filearrow_forwardAn inventor wants to increase the efficiency of wood-burning stoves by reducing the energy lost through the exhaust stack. he proposes to accomplish this by attaching fins to the outer surface of the chimney, as shown schematically on the picture. the fins are attached circumferentially to the stack, having a base of 0,5cm, 2cm long perpendicular to the surface, and 6cm long in the vertical direction. the surface temperature of the stack is 500 C and the surrounding temperature is 20 C for this initial thermal design, assume that each fin loses heat by natural convection with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 10W/m^2 K. select a suitable material for the fin and discuss the manner of attachment as well as the effect of contact resistancearrow_forwardThe shooter holds a leather-covered baseball for a certain period of time, bringing the outer surface temperature of the ball to 30 ℃. Then the shooter throws the ball at 80 km/h to another athlete standing 18.5 meters away. It is known that the diameter of the ball is 7 cm and the air temperature is 20 ℃. Calculate the total heat transfer from the ball to the ambient air during flight, in Joules, assuming that the outer surface temperature of the ball remains constant throughout the shot. (When finding the properties, find the real values by interpolating. Ignore the air resistance.)arrow_forward
- Principles of Heat Transfer (Activate Learning wi...Mechanical EngineeringISBN:9781305387102Author:Kreith, Frank; Manglik, Raj M.Publisher:Cengage Learning