Chapter 1, Problem 1.87P

In considering the following problems involving heat transfer in the natural environment (outdoors), recognize that solar radiation is comprised of long and short wave length components. If this radiation is incident on a semi-transparent medium, such as water or glass, two things will happen to the nonreflected portion of the radiation. The long wavelength component will he absorbed at the surface of the medium, whereas the short wavelength component will be transmitted by the surface.
(a) The number of panes in a window can strongly influence the heat loss from a heated room to the outside ambient air. Compare the single- and double-paned units shown by identifying relevant heat transfer processes for each case.

(b) In a typical flat-plate solar collector, energy is collected by a working fluid that is circulated through tubes that are in good contact with the hack face of an absorber plate. The back face is insulated twin the surroundings, and the absorber plate receives solar radiation on its front face, which is typically covered by one or more transparent plates. Identify the relevant heat transfer processes, first for the absorber plate with no cover plate and then for the absorber plate with a single cover plate.
(c) The solar energy collector design shown in the schematic has been used for agricultural applications. Air is blown through a long duct whose cross section is in the form of an equilateral triangle. One side of the triangle is comprised of a double-paned, semitransparent cover; the other two sides are constructed from aluminum sheets painted flat black on the inside and covered on the outside with a layer of styrofoam insulation. During sunny periods, air entering the system is heated for delivery to either a greenhouse, grain drying unit, or storage system.

Identify all heat transfer processes associated with the cover plates, the absorber plate(s), and the air.
(d) Evacuated-tube solar collectors are capable of improved performance relative to flat-plate collectors. The design consists of an inner tube enclosed in an outer tube that IS transparent to solar radiation. The annular space between the tubes is evacuated. The outer, opaque surface of the inner tube absorbs solar radiation. and a working fluid is passed through the tube to collect the solar energy. The collector design generally consists of a row of such tubes arranged in front of a reflecting panel. Identify all heat transfer processes relevant to the performance of this device.