(a)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and the response variable of the hypothetical follow-up study conducted to determine the relationship between warfarin resistances in house mice with the presence of the mutations of the vkore I gene.
(b)
To explain:
About the explanatory variable and response variable of a study which is conducted to identify an effective treatment from two treatments of naturopathic care and standardized psychotherapy for a sample of eighty-one individuals that having moderate to severe anxiety.
(c)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable of the study of brain activity in response to the images versus reward sensitivity of subjects.
(d)
To explain:About the explanatory variable and response variable in the study of the relationship between growth of cancer tumors versus the dose of endostatin which injected to mice daily.
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The Analysis of Biological Data
- A paper investigated the driving behavior of teenagers by observing their vehicles as they left a high school parking lot and then again at a site approximately 1 2 mile from the school. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the teen drivers in this study as representative of the population of teen drivers. MaleDriver FemaleDriver 1.4 -0.2 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.2 3 0.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.5 (a) Use a .01 level of significance for any hypothesis tests. Data consistent with summary quantities appearing in the paper are given in the table. The measurements represent the difference between the observed vehicle speed and the posted speed limit (in miles per hour) for a sample of male teenage drivers and a sample of female teenage drivers. (Use ?males − ?females. Round your test statistic to two decimal places. Round your degrees of freedom down to the nearest whole number. Round your p-value to three decimal places.) t = df =…arrow_forwardA researcher conducted a medical study to investigate whether taking a low-dose aspirin reduces the chance of developing colon cancer. As part of the study, 1,000 adult volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Half of the volunteers were assigned to the experimental group that took a low-dose aspirin each day, and the other half were assigned to the control group that took a placebo each day. At the end of six years, 15 of the people who took the low-dose aspirin had developed colon cancer and 26 of the people who took the placebo had developed colon cancer. At the significance level α = 0.05, do the data provide convincing statistical evidence that taking a low-dose aspirin each day would reduce the chance of developing colon cancer among all people similar to the volunteers?arrow_forwardThe following data are taken from an experiment in which the subjects were tested for motion sickness. Thesubjects were randomly assigned to either the control group which was given a placebo or the experimentalgroup which was given the drug Astemizole and observed on an ocean voyage. The same subjects were thenswitched and those that had the placebo were now given the drug, and those that had the drug were nowgiven a placebo and observed on a new ocean voyage taking the same course. The results are the number ofhead movements that the subjects could endure without becoming nauseous. Use α = 0.05 to test the claimthat Astemizole is effective, i.e. it takes a larger number of head movements before the subject getsnauseous.Control 19 45 36 42 38 31 30 40 41 35Drug 20 55 36 45 40 32 41 38 44 29 1) State the hypotheses and identify the claim. Group 1 is the Control group. 2)Find the test statistic and Find the p-value. 3)Make the decision and Summarize the results.arrow_forward
- In the book Business Research Methods (5th ed.), Donald R. Cooper and C. William Emory discuss studying the relationship between on-the-job accidents and smoking. Cooper and Emory describe the study as follows: Suppose a manager implementing a smoke-free workplace policy is interested in whether smoking affects worker accidents. Since the company has complete reports of on-the-job accidents, she draws a sample of names of workers who were involved in accidents during the last year. A similar sample from among workers who had no reported accidents in the last year is drawn. She interviews members of both groups to determine if they are smokers or not. The sample results are given in the following table. On-the-Job Accident Smoker Yes No Row Total Heavy 12 5 17 Moderate 9 10 19 Nonsmoker 13 17 30 Column total 34 32 66 Expected counts are below observed counts Accident No Accident Total Heavy 12 5 17 8.76 8.24…arrow_forwardWhich of these is a main difference between experimentsand observational studies?a) There is a response variable in an experiment, but notin an observational study.b) There is at least one explanatory variable in anexperiment, but not in an observational study. c) An experiment requires blocking, while an observa-tional study does not. d) An experiment can be used to establish a causalrelationship, but an observational study cannot.e) Observational studies require larger samples thanexperiments.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not true of individuals in the control condition of an experiment? a. They receive, or might receive, no treatment. b. They receive, or might receive, a placebo. c. They receive, or might receive, a neutral treatment. d. They receive, or might receive, the experimental treatment.arrow_forward
- If there were something genetic that made people simultaneously more susceptible to both smoking and lung cancer, that would be instance of A)causation B) the placebo effect C ) confounding D) common responsearrow_forwardThe health board of a major city wants to know if people who have different types of healthcare coverage (HMO, Medicare/Medicaid, or no insurance) go to different types of hospitals (privately-funded, government-funded, or free clinic) when they are injured. Using the data below, test the null hypothesis that type of insurance does not affect which hospital type they choose. Insurance Type Private Public Free Clinic HMO 17 6 4 Medicare/Medicaid 24 30 9 No insurance 8 14 8arrow_forwardThe following data represents results from an experiment comparing 3 treatment conditions for the cure of boredom. Treatment 1 is doing schoolwork, Treatment 2 is watching tv, and Treatment 3 is spending time with friends. The following scores represent treatment effectiveness scores where higher values indicate that the treatment of boredom was effective and lower values indicate that the treatment of boredom was ineffective. Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 0 1 6 N= 12 1 4 5 GM= 3.00 0 1 8 3 2 5…arrow_forward
- In Colorado, there is a large group of deer that spend their summer months in a region on one side of a highway and survive the winter months in a lower region on the other side. To determine if the highway has disturbed deer migration to the winter feeding area, the following data were gathered on a random sample of 10 wilderness districts in the winter feeding area. Row B represents the average January deer count for a 5-year period before the highway was built, and row A represents the average January deer count for a 5-year period after the highway was built. The highway department claims that the January population has not changed. Test this claim against the claim that the January population has dropped. Use a 5% level of significance. Units used in the table are hundreds of deer. (Let d = B − A.) Wilderness District 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B: Before highway 10.1 7.2 12.9 5.6 17.4 9.9 20.5 16.2 18.9 11.6 A: After highway 9.3 8.4 10.2 4.1 4.0 7.1 15.2 8.3 12.2 7.3 What…arrow_forwardIn the journal Mental Retardation, an article reported the results of a peer tutoring program to help mildly mentally retarded children learn to read. In the experiment, the mildly retarded children were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group received peer tutoring along with regular instruction, and the control group received regular instruction with no peer tutoring. There were n1 = n2 = 30 children in each group. The Gates-MacGintie Reading Test was given to both groups before instruction began. For the experimental group, the mean score on the vocabulary portion of the test was x1 = 344.5, with sample standard deviation s1 = 49.1. For the control group, the mean score on the same test was x2 = 353.8, with sample standard deviation s2 = 50.5. Use a 5% level of significance to test the hypothesis that there was no difference in the vocabulary scores of the two groups before the instruction began. (a) What is the level of significance? (b) What is the value of the…arrow_forwardA researcher hypothesizes that people living in the South are more opposed to the legalization of marijuana than people living in the West or East (who do not differ from each other). In conducting a one-way ANOVA with this data, how should the alternative hypothesis (Ha) be stated? Ha: all means are not equal Ha: mMidwest# m West # m East Ha: mMidwest< m West = pEast None of the abovearrow_forward
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