Chapter 1, Problem 1F.6E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The atom with smaller ionization energy among calcium and magnesium has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Ionization energy:

The ionization energy of an atom is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from the gaseous form of that atom or ion.

Second Ionization energy:

The energy required to remove a second electron from a singly charged gaseous cation is called as second ionization energy.

Example:

  ${\text{Na}}^{\text{+}}\left(\text{g}\right)\stackrel{}{\to }{\text{Na}}^{\text{2+}}\left(\text{g}\right){\text{+e}}^{\text{-}}$

The second Ionization energy of sodium is $\text{4560}\text{kJ/mol}\text{.}$

The second Ionization energy is almost ten times greater than the first ionization energy because the number of electrons causing repulsions is reduced.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The atom with smaller ionization energy among magnesium and sodium has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The atom with smaller ionization energy among sodium and aluminium has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Refer to part (a).