Chapter 10.11, Problem 32PTS

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.

 (c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The target products for the given different alkene molecules and transformations should be draw and identified.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction reaction: The alkenes or alkynes can be reduced to alkanes with ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}$ in the presence of metal catalyst $\left(\text{Pd}\right)$. This heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate which is then poisoned with various forms of lead or Sulphur. The new $\text{C-H σ}$ bonds are formed simultaneously from $\text{H}$ atoms absorbed into the metal surface.

Halogenation: The addition of halogen atoms to a $\text{π-}$ conjunction system. The several unsaturated organic compounds like, alkenes, alkynes and cyclohexenes that has one double bond is halogenated, the resulting molecules is completely saturated or halogenated.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regioselectivity (particular place in functional group) where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Sodium amide ( ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$): The strong base of ${\text{NaNH}}_{\text{2}}$ will deprotonate alkynes, alcohols and other organic functional groups with acidic protons such as esters and ketones. It is also a very strong nucleophile. It is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. It’s used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

Birch reduction: The conjugated alkynes and benzenes in the presence of sodium metal in liquid ammonia and alkyne produced a non-conjugated diene system. The alkyne involves sodium $\left(\text{Na}\right){\text{/NH}}_{\text{3}}$. Further alkyne triple bond end parts reducing to give the trans (E) alkene.