To find: The change in the relative abundance of C3 versus C4 and CAM species in a geographical region where the climate has become much hotter and drier, with no change in CO2 concentration.
Introduction: A plant fixes carbon from the absorbed atmospheric CO2 and turns this into sugar; this process is known as carbon fixation or the Photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle. These reactions are independent of light, hence called dark reactions.
Thus, the pathway of assimilation of CO2 during photosynthesis is mainly of three types.
1.) C3 pathway: - This pathway is also called as Calvin cycle. All photosynthetic plants show the Calvin cycle and followed by the plant when the first product of CO2 fixation is a C3 acid (3 Phosphoglyceric acids).
2.) C4 pathway: - This pathway is evolved in the plant species which are adapted to live in hotter or high-temperature regions. They have a special type of leaf anatomy that can tolerate high temperatures. Also to minimize the photorespiration C4 plants show two types of cells, outer mesophyll cells where they fix CO2, and inner bundle sheath cells where they break down the C4 acid (OAA) into C3 molecule and also release CO2. Thus, released CO2 is entered into the Calvin cycle
3.) CAM pathway: - The plants which utilize the CAM pathway are mostly xerophytes. They have evolved a mechanism to adapt and survive in dry and hotter areas. They gather solar energy in the day and they also do not open their stroma in the day to prevent water loss. The stoma opens at night to absorb atmospheric CO2. Then this CO2 is converted into sugar (malate) which is stored until the day return.
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