EBK GENERAL CHEMISTRY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134419022
Author: Bissonnette
Publisher: PEARSON CUSTOM PUB.(CONSIGNMENT)
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 11, Problem 19E
The molecular model below represents citric acid, an acidic component of citrus juices. Represent bonding in the citric acid molecule using the method of Figure 11-19 to indicate hybridization schemes and orbital overlaps.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
The molecular structure of hinokitiol is represented below (See attached image)
Draw a complete Lewis structure of the molecule and answer the following questions.
Complete the structure by adding ONLY hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms where needed. You must not create any other bonds. Atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen may have lone pairs to complete their octets.
Each of the non-hydrogen atoms of this skeletal structure has been randomly numbered.
Match the atom number with the orbital hybridization invoked for sigma bonding.
Match these to the below (A)) (Options: sp3, sp2, sp, s, p, d2sp3, dsp3)
A) 12, 9, 7, 2, 4
B) How many pairs of non-bonding electrons are there in the molecule?
C) How many CH3 (methyl) groups are there in the molecule?
D) How many CH2 (methylene) groups are there in the molecule? (i.e. # of C-atoms having exactly two bonded H-atoms)
E) How many CH (methyne) groups are there in the molecule? (i.e. # of C-atoms having exactly one bonded H-atom)
F) How many…
Molecule or
Polyatomic
XEF4
BrF3
PI5
IF4*
SF3
Lewis structure
: F:
Br-F:
: F
R
: F:
+
Hybrid-
ization
AXE
sp³d²
AX4E₂
sp³d
AX3E2
sp'd
AX5
sp³d
AXLE
sp³d
AX3E2
Electron pair geometry
Molecular shape
octahedral
squar planar
trigonal
bipyramidal
t-shaped
trigonal
bipyramidal
trigonal
bipyramidal
trigonal
bipyramidal
see saw
trigonal
bipyramidal
t-shaped
Bond angles
(eq) 90°
(ax) 90°
(eq) 120°
(ax) 90°
(eq) 120°
(ax) 90°
(eq) 120°
(ax) 90°
(eq) 120°
(ax) 90°
Bond
Polarity
Molecular Polarity
if the molecule is polar, add a dipole arrow
if not polar, state so and why
Fl
F
==
F
F
Br-F
F
F
F
1
F
-I
:
-F
Hybridi- Molecular
Polarity
Formula
Lewis structure
Total # of
Electron group
Molecular
Valence
geometry
geometry
zation
Electrons
BRF3
XeF2
ICI5
ICI2-
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Ch. 11 - Prob. 1ECh. 11 - Explain why it is necessary to hybridize atomic...Ch. 11 - Describe the molecular geometry of H2O suggested...Ch. 11 - Describe the molecular geometry of NH2 suggested...Ch. 11 - In which of the following, CO32-,SO2,CCl4,CO,NO3-...Ch. 11 - In the manner of Example 11-1, describe the...Ch. 11 - For each of the following species, identify the...Ch. 11 - Propose a plausible Lewis structure, geometric...Ch. 11 - Describe a hybridization scheme for the central Cl...Ch. 11 - Describe a hybridization scheme for the central S...
Ch. 11 - Match each of the following species with one of...Ch. 11 - Propose a hybridization scheme to account for...Ch. 11 - Indicate which of the following molecules and ions...Ch. 11 - In the manner of Figure 11-18, indicate the...Ch. 11 - Write Lewis structures for the following...Ch. 11 - Represent bonding in the carbon dioxide molecule,...Ch. 11 - Use the method of Figure 11-19 to represent...Ch. 11 - Use the method of Figure 11-19 to represent...Ch. 11 - The molecular model below represents citric acid,...Ch. 11 - Malic is e common organic acid found in unripe...Ch. 11 - Shown below are ball-and-stick models. Describe...Ch. 11 - Shown below are ban-and-stick models. Describe...Ch. 11 - Prob. 23ECh. 11 - The structure of the molecule allene, CH2CCH2 , is...Ch. 11 - Angelic acid, shown below, occurs in symbol root,...Ch. 11 - Dimethylolpropionic acid, shown below, is used in...Ch. 11 - Explain the essential difference in how the...Ch. 11 - Describe the bond order of diatomic carbon, C2 ,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 29ECh. 11 - The paramagnetism of gaseous B2 has been...Ch. 11 - Prob. 31ECh. 11 - Is it correct to say that when a diatomic molecule...Ch. 11 - For the following pairs of molecular orbitals,...Ch. 11 - For each of the species C2+,O2,F2+ , and NO+ ; a....Ch. 11 - Write plausible molecular orbital occupancy...Ch. 11 - We have used the term “isoelectronic” to refer to...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecules NO+ and N2+ and use...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecules CO+ and CN- and use...Ch. 11 - Construct the molecular orbital diagram for CF....Ch. 11 - Construct the molecular orbital diagram for SrCl....Ch. 11 - Explain why the concept of delocalized molecular...Ch. 11 - Explain how it is possible to avoid the concept of...Ch. 11 - In which of the following molecules would you...Ch. 11 - In which of the following ions would you expect to...Ch. 11 - The Lewis structure of N2 indicates that the...Ch. 11 - Show that both the valence bond method and...Ch. 11 - A group of spectroscopists believe that they have...Ch. 11 - Lewis theory is satisfactory to explain bonding in...Ch. 11 - The compound potassium sesquoxide has the...Ch. 11 - Draw a Lewis structure for the urea molecule, CO(...Ch. 11 - Methyl nitrate, CH2NO2 , is used as a rocket...Ch. 11 - Fluorine nitrate, FONO2 , is an oxidizing agent...Ch. 11 - Draw a Lewis structure(s) for the nitrite ion, NO2...Ch. 11 - Think of the reaction shown here as involving the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 55IAECh. 11 - Prob. 56IAECh. 11 - The molecule formamide, HCONH2 , has the...Ch. 11 - Pyridine, C2H2N , is used in the synthesis of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 59IAECh. 11 - The ion F2Cl is linear, but the ion F2Cl+ is bent....Ch. 11 - Prob. 61IAECh. 11 - Prob. 62IAECh. 11 - Prob. 63IAECh. 11 - Prob. 64IAECh. 11 - Histidine, an essential amino acid, serves as a...Ch. 11 - The anion I42 is linear, and the anion I5 is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 67IAECh. 11 - A conjugated hydrocarbon has an alternation of...Ch. 11 - An elusive intermediate of atmospheric reactions...Ch. 11 - Resonance energy is the difference in energy...Ch. 11 - Furan, C4H4O , is a substance derivable from oat...Ch. 11 - As discussed in Are You Wondering 11-1, the sp...Ch. 11 - In Chapter 10, we saw that electronegativity...Ch. 11 - Borazine, B2N2H2 is often referred to as inorganic...Ch. 11 - Which of the following combinations of orbitals...Ch. 11 - Prob. 76FPCh. 11 - Prob. 77SAECh. 11 - Prob. 78SAECh. 11 - Explain the important distinctions between the...Ch. 11 - A molecule in which sp2 hybrid orbitals are used...Ch. 11 - Prob. 81SAECh. 11 - The hybridization scheme for the central atom...Ch. 11 - Of the following, the species with a bond order of...Ch. 11 - The hybridization scheme for Xe in XeF2 is (a) sp;...Ch. 11 - Delocalized molecular orbitals are found in (a)...Ch. 11 - Prob. 86SAECh. 11 - Why does the hybridization sp2d not account for...Ch. 11 - What is the total number of (a) bonds and (b) p...Ch. 11 - Which of the following species are paramagnetic?...Ch. 11 - Use the valence molecular orbital configuration to...Ch. 11 - Use the valence molecular orbital configuration to...Ch. 11 - Which of these diatomic molecules do you think has...Ch. 11 - For each of the following ions or molecules,...Ch. 11 - Draw Lewis structures for the NO2 and NO2+ ions,...Ch. 11 - In which of the following is the central atom sp...Ch. 11 - Prob. 96SAECh. 11 - According to molecular orbital theory, the O22 ion...Ch. 11 - What is the angle between the hybrid orbitals...Ch. 11 - Consider the molecule with the Lewis structure...Ch. 11 - Construct a concept map that embodies the ideas of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 101SAECh. 11 - Construct a concept map that describes the...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- A student who missed this class needs to know how to predict the bond angles and shape of amolecule from looking at its bond-line representation. Write a concise but complete explanationfor this student.arrow_forwardUse Figs. 4-54 and 4-55 to answer the following questions. a. Would the bonding molecular orbital in HF place greater electron density near the H or the F atom? Why? b. Would the bonding molecular orbital have greater fluorine 2p character, greater hydrogen 1s character, or an equal contribution from both? Why? c. Answer the previous two questions for the antibonding molecular orbital in HF.arrow_forwardBy use of NH3, explain why electronic geometry is NOT the same as molecular geometry.arrow_forward
- A student who missed this class needs to know how to predict the bond angles and shape of a molecule from looking at its line representation. Write a concise but complete explanation for this student.arrow_forwardThe following “bubble” diagram is for the compound H2C=C=CH2 . Using the system we discussed in class label all of the bonds on the bubble diagram using valence bond theory the format is : type of bond : atoms (type of orbital) - atom ( type of orbital) . Be specific as you can in your label Look In the diagramarrow_forwardPredict the ideal bond angles around each central atom in this molecule. carbon: : N=C-N- nitrogen: H -Harrow_forward
- Molecule C2H2 SFs- NO3- Lewis structure include lone pairs & formal charges on each atom Resonance structures don't have to include lone pairs; write N/A if there are none Electron Geometry Hybridization on central atom Overlapping orbitals O: O: include value of n in the orbital name (e.g. 1s, not s). Write N/A if that kind T: of bond is not present in T: the molecule Molecular Geometry Bond angle(s) include < as necessary 3D structure and polarity don't have to include lone pairs; draw the dipole arrow on the molecule or write "non- polar"arrow_forwardComplete the data table shown below. Fill in the table as you draw your molecules as in the following example. Molecule Lewis Structure Electron Molecular Hybridization Molecular Or ion Geometry Geometry of Central atom polarity H20 H---O---H Tetrahedral bent sp3 polar CHA BH3 CH2B12 NH3 H30* H2O2 CHẠO [CIO3] Na2SO4 SO2 CO2 C2H4 NH4* PCISarrow_forwardIn VSEPR theory, which uses the Lewis model to determine molecular geometry, the trend of decreasing bond angle in CH4, NH3, and H2O is accounted for by the greater repulsion of lone pair electrons compared to bonding pair electrons. How is this trend accounted for in valence bond theory?arrow_forward
- VSEPR Theory: The 3-dimensional arrangement of atoms around any central atom is determined primarily by the repulsions between electrons in the valence shell of the atom. General Formula Lewis Atoms Bonded Unbonded Electron Pairs (Lone Pairs, E) Hybridization and Electron Example Molecular Shape Structure to Central Atom (X) Arrangement Name Diagram sp Linear H-Be -H AX2 X-A-X BeHz Linear AX3 sp? BH3 AX2E sp? SO2 sp3 CH4 AX4 sp3 NH3 AX3E 2.arrow_forwardThe structure of theobromine is below. Redraw the structure with the addition of lone pairs. Determine the hybridization, electron domain geometry, molecular geometry, ideal bond angle at/around every central atom in the structure.arrow_forwardRefer to the Lewis structure below to determine the bond angle (use < or = where appropriate), hybridization & the molecular shape of the atoms with arrows. H3C :0 CH2 H. CH. c=NH2 NH H2N Angle: H2C- C. H. Hybridization: Shape: Angle: Hybridization: Shape:arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Organic Chemistry: A Guided Inquiry
Chemistry
ISBN:9780618974122
Author:Andrei Straumanis
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Stoichiometry - Chemistry for Massive Creatures: Crash Course Chemistry #6; Author: Crash Course;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL1jmJaUkaQ;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Bonding (Ionic, Covalent & Metallic) - GCSE Chemistry; Author: Science Shorts;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9MA6Od-zBA;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
General Chemistry 1A. Lecture 12. Two Theories of Bonding.; Author: UCI Open;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLTlL9Z1bh0;License: CC-BY