EBK BIOLOGY
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780133954425
Author: Maier
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 11, Problem 2AAATB
Summary Introduction
To research:
The reason for the evolution of striped zebras from the unstriped zebras.
Introduction:
Natural selection can be defined as an individual’s differential survival and reproduction of individuals as a result of changes in
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Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA. Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.
How might an evolutionary biologist explain why a species of salamander becomes blind after colonizing a cave?
Group of answer choices
Members of the ancestral population that colonized the cave differed in their ability to see. If maintaining the ability to see in the cave was a waste of energy, blind salamanders might actually have more offspring than those who could see.
It is possible that in the cave there is a source of pollution that increases the mutation rate for a gene that makes salamanders blind. Over time, due to exposure to this chemical, the membersof the population lose their sight.
There is no way to explain this in terms of natural selection.
The members of this salamander species no longer needed to use their eyes. Over time, due to lack of use, they lost the ability to see.
The dog breed West Highland Terrier is a product of artificial selection. Give a brief description of the breed and its desired traits. What wild ancestor did it come from? Was it produced with selective breeding or genetic engineering (i.e. genetically modified)? What are the benefits of artificial selection in this case? Are there potential negative consequences?
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- Natural selection and artificial selection or selective breeding can both cause changes in animals and plants. The difference between the two is that natural selection happens naturally, but selective breeding only occurs when humans intervene. Changes in genetic traits have occurred over generations through both natural selection and selective breeding although the occur through different means. What characterizes only artificial selection? Choose all that apply. A) chickens that lay larger eggs are favored B) selection increases the chances of surviving C) selection make a species stronger and fit for survival D) selection favors the desired characters in the new organismsarrow_forwardJean-Baptiste de Lamarck’s explanation for the evolution of long-necked giraffes from shorter-necked okapi-like ancestors migrating to a savanna would not include which of the following features? okapis in a savanna habitat found it advantageous to stretch their necks for treetop leaves once an okapi had acquired a longer neck, it could pass on this new trait to its offspring only those okapis with favorable traits (long necks) could be ancestral to savanna giraffes each individual okapi could increase its neck-length by deliberate, consistent exercise over time, inheritance of acquired characteristics in okapis would lead to savanna giraffesarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about the grandmother hypothesis is correct? This is a hypothesis used to explain why grandmothers tend to live longer than grandfathers. For this hypothesis to work, a grandmother will need to have an antagonistic pleiotropic mutation that extends her lifespan but also lessens her physical activities. Because grandmothers are older, so they tend to contribute less in a family. That is, grandmothers are usually a drain of resources for a family. The evolution of monthly menstrual cycle in human females is seen as an example explained by the grandmother hypothesis. None of the abovearrow_forward
- You conduct an exercise in the Darwinian Snails Sim-U-Text lab. You simulate conditions under which survival of snails is selective-that is, snails with thicker shells are less likely to be preyed on by crabs than snails with thinner shells. The default settings also ensure the trait is heritable, and the population has variation in this trait. You allow mutations to occur. As you run the simulation, you observe that the mean shell thickness of the population increases over successive snail generations. Have you successfully simulated natural selection? No, because no snails appeared with thicker shells than the thickest shells observed in the initial population O Yes, because crabs preyed on the snails O No, because you cannot have selection with mutations operating No, because the changes in shell thickness could have been due to genetic drift O Yes, because there was a change in the mean shell thickness Yes, because there were mutationsarrow_forwardApply the VIDA table to the evolution of sickle cell disease to justify whether it is an instance of evolution by natural selection. Answer the following questions. Is there variation in this trait in the population? How exactly does it vary? Is the trait at least partly inherited? Is there selection for this trait in a particular environment? (What is the selective pressure? And how does a trait give an advantage or disadvantage in that environment?) What is the evidence that this trait makes organisms better adapted to their environment?arrow_forwardThis figure can be used to represent the sequence of events leading to the evolution of dark-furred mouse populations living on lava flows in the southwest. Which statement is false when considering evolution of these pocket mice? The different size hexagons represent neighboring populations. The color change in the smaller hexagon indicates the phenotypic divergence due to natural selection. Darker fur is due to environmental conditions on the lava flow, like the intensity of UV radiation. Natural selection favored the darker fur, which increased the frequency of mutated alleles in the population. Timearrow_forward
- In the year 2374, humans finally developed the technology necessary for time travel. You are a scientist interested in the population genetics of extinct animals. Taking advantage of this technology advance, you decide to travel back 8 million years to conduct field work in Venezuela. You are studying a population of Phoberomys pattersoni, the world’s largest extinct rodent weighing approximately 700 kg (1500 lbs) and looking vaguely like a giant guinea pig. The coat color of this rodent varies between tan (dominant) and brown (recessive). Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. You observed 336 tan Phoberomys and 64 brown Phoberomys during your study. What is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype? ________________ What is the allelic frequency of the dominant (tan) allele in the population? ___________ Of the animals you observed, how many were heterozygous? _______________ As you observe the animals you count 200 brown and 450 tan. Conduct a…arrow_forwardIdentifying genes like HMGA2 is important, because it is evidence of natural selection. How does it demonstrate that natural selection occurred in Darwin’s finches? Scientists mutate and modify the gene in the lab to see how changes might occur to the organism. Scientists identify different forms of the gene in individuals from the same species and observe how it shows up as a trait. Scientists study similar genes that also impact the same traits to see how they work together and influence one another. Scientists observe the frequency of the different forms of the gene and how it changes in response to the environment. Need some help on this one.arrow_forwardBackground: In class we did a project about m and m’s and there ability to evolve and natural selection. (Yes I know they can’t actually evolve it was just used as a example in class) however I can’t figure out this question. Occasionally a mutant may occur and produce a candy that is misshapen or Pointier or flatter than the rest. Often this proves to be a weakness, but a rare mutation may confer extra M&M durability. Other mutations in M&Ms could occur ( like ones that result in a new color). A mutant un you population represents a new _________. What goes in the blankarrow_forward
- You are studying a species of beetle known as a Flumbodoodle Beetle. The beetle has long spikes on its shell to defend itself from potential predators. You are interested in studying evolution in this beetle. Which of the following studies do you not need to conduct to determine if the long spike trait can evolve by natural selection. a. A study that determines whether beetles with longer spikes survive and reproduce better than beetles with shorter spikes. b. A study that measures the spike length variation across multiple individuals in a population. c. A study where you measure the spike length on the parents and a study where you measure the spike length on the offspring. d. A study that determines whether these spikes on the beetle are also used in mate choice contexts.arrow_forwardThe Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the African Replacement hypothesis) proposes that Homo sapiens arose in Africa and evolved there for several hundred thousand years. Then, some 85,000 years ago, a small band of Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and populated the remainder of the world. Based on this hypothesis, what predictions would you make about worldwide human variation in mtDNA?arrow_forwardThe path of whale evolution has involved the reduction or loss of several traits that are still prominent in most other mammals. TRUE (1) or FALSE (2). In terrestrial mammals, the sense of smell (olfaction) involves receptor proteins encoded by a number of genes. Whales don't have a sense of smell underwater, but their genomes still contain copies (pseudogenes) of some of these olfactory genes in their genomes. Because they are still present in whales' genomes, these genes must serve some other function in whales. Whales have some vestigial features like muscles that are attached to external ears in other mammals, even though whales have lost their external ears. Humans also lost some traits (e.g., body fur) and also have some vestigial traits, such as a mechanism to cause fur to stand on end even though we are mostly hairless (i.e., arrector pili muscles that produce goosebumps). Some features like hindlimb buds and whiskers are observed…arrow_forward
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