Connect With Learnsmart Labs Online Access For Prescott's Microbiology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781260408997
Author: Joanne Willey
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education (us)
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Chapter 11.6, Problem 2MI
Summary Introduction
An electron transport chain in short ETC includes a series of complexes that transfer the electrons form donors to the acceptors through
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Consider the typical beta oxidation of linoleic acid (C18:2 ^Δ9, 12):
How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of linoleic acid?
1 a) What is meant by the ATP currency exchange ratio? Why does the oxidation of mitochondrial FADH2 generate one less ATP than oxidation of mitochondrial NADH?
b) If 12 H+ are moved across the inner mitochondrial membrane by NADH oxidation, and each ATP synthesized requires 3 H+ to move through ATP synthase, why are only 3 ATP molecules produced by oxidation of each NADH?
Assuming all the NADH+H+ and FADH2 are used for oxidative phosphorylation, how many net ATP are made from 1 molecule of glucose? (hint: don’t forget to also include substrate level phosphorylation)
Chapter 11 Solutions
Connect With Learnsmart Labs Online Access For Prescott's Microbiology
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Compare...Ch. 11.1 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply What are the three major...Ch. 11.2 - Is NAD+ reduced to NADH in the catabolic or...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.2 - Why is it to a cells advantage to catabolize...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.4 - Which reactions are examples of substrate-level...Ch. 11.4 - For what kinds of reactions is NADPH used?Ch. 11.4 - For what macromolecule is ribose 5-phosphate a...
Ch. 11.4 - Summarize the major features of the...Ch. 11.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.5 - Identify the substrate and products of the TCA...Ch. 11.5 - What chemical intermediate links pyruvate to the...Ch. 11.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.5 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply In what eukaryotic...Ch. 11.5 - Why is it desirable for a microbe with the...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.6 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.6 - Describe the current model of oxidative...Ch. 11.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.6 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.7 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 1MICh. 11.8 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.8 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.9 - What is the difference between a hydrolase and...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2MICh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Briefly discuss the ways in...Ch. 11.9 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.9 - Retrieve, Infer, Apply Describe how a...Ch. 11.11 - How do chemolithotrophs obtain their ATP and...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.11 - Why can hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria and archaea...Ch. 11.11 - What is reverse electron flow and why do many...Ch. 11.11 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.12 - When electrons from P700 are used to reduce NADP+,...Ch. 11.12 - Define the following terms: light reactions, dark...Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 2CCCh. 11.12 - What is the function of accessory pigments?Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 4CCCh. 11.12 - Compare and contrast anoxygenic phototrophy and...Ch. 11.12 - Prob. 6CCCh. 11 - Prob. 1RCCh. 11 - Prob. 2RCCh. 11 - Prob. 3RCCh. 11 - Prob. 4RCCh. 11 - Prob. 5RCCh. 11 - Prob. 6RCCh. 11 - How would you isolate a thermophilic...Ch. 11 - Certain chemicals block ATP synthesis by allowing...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3ALCh. 11 - Review the description of the Berkeley Pit Lake in...Ch. 11 - Prob. 5AL
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- What is the term for the process whereby the synthesis of ATP is coupled to the conversion of NADH or FADH2 to NAD+ or FAD, respectively?arrow_forwardConsider oleic acid (18:1∆9): 1. How many NADH will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 2. How many FADH2 will be produced from complete oxidation of this fatty acid? 3. Total number of ATP produced from NADH in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport cost of the fatty acid)? 4. Total number of ATP produced from FADH2 in complete oxidation of oleic acid (exclude transport costs of the fatty acid)? Please provide how you got them.arrow_forwardHow many ATPs are synthesized for every cytoplasmic NADH reducing equivalent that is transferred into the matrix via the malate–aspartate shuttle?arrow_forward
- Given the roles of NAD*/NADH in dehydrogenation reactions and NADPH/NADP+ in reductions, as discussed on page 488, would you expect the intracellular ratio of NAD* to NADH to be high or low? What about the ratio of NADP* to NADPH? Explain your answers.arrow_forwardWhy does FAHD2 oxidation give 1.5 ATP while NADH oxidation gives 2.5 ATP? Explain this in relation to ETC.arrow_forwardWhat is the stoichiometry of the synthesis of (a) ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate without the concomitant generation of NADPH? (b) NADPH from glucose 6- phosphate without the concomitant formation of pentose sugars?arrow_forward
- this question is about 16 carbon fatty acid A) what are the end procuts of the eight cycles of beta oxidation of a 16 carbon fatty acid? B) assuming 2.5 ATP molecules are produced from one NADH, how many molecules of ATP are produced from the NADH produced during beta oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acidarrow_forwardCells maintain different steady state ratios of NAD+/NADH (1000) and NADP+/NADPH (0.01). (a) How do these ratios relate to the metabolic functions of NAD+ and NADPH? (b) Given these physiological ratios, what is the AG for NAD+ to oxidize NADPH? (c) This reaction does not happen in most tissues. Make a hypothesis: what prevents this from occuring?arrow_forwardGiven the overall equation for respiration (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O), in which step(s) in the respiratory pathway is/are each of the reactants used up and each of the products made? Photosynthetic reactions require NADPH while NADH is involved in aerobic respiration. These two molecules regulate both the biosynthetic and the catabolic activity of the cell. Explain how they do this. Note that NAD+ kinase phosphorylates NAD+ to produce NADPH+.arrow_forward
- Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?arrow_forwardNicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) in the inner mitochondrialmembrane catalyzes the reaction NADH + NADP+ → NAD+ + NADPH to generate the NADPH needed for certain reactions that help destroy reactive oxygen species. (a) Explain why the NNT reaction cannot be driven primarily by the diff erence in substrate reduction potentials (Δℰ). (b) In fact, the NNT reaction is driven by proton translocation across the membrane (from outside to inside). How does operation of the transhydrogenase aff ect the effi ciency of oxidative phosphorylation?arrow_forwardGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway. This enzyme is highly specific for NADP+; the KM for NAD+ is about a thousand times that of NADP+. What does this mean in terms of affinity of the enzyme for NAD+ and NADP+? How would being forced to use NAD+ affect rate?arrow_forward
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