Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The transformation of
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Primary and secondary alcohols react with phosphorus tribromide to yield bromides.
Alkyl bromide is an important precursor for the formation of different products.
The Grignard reagent is produced when magnesium metal and alkenyl
Deuterium oxide is the form of water which contains large isotope of hydrogen called deuterium. It is known as hard water.
The Grignard reagent or RMgX is a polar organometallic reagent that undergoes nucleophilic addition reaction with
Grignard reagent or RMgX can be synthesized from haloalkanes by reacting them with magnesium in the presence of dry ether.
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Chapter 12 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEM. VOL.1+2-W/WILEYPLUS
- Provide the reagents and solvents (where appropriate) needed to bring about the following transformations. (a) CI (b)arrow_forwardWhen tert-butyl bromide is heated with an equal amount of ethanol in an inert solvent, one of the products is ethyl tert-butyl ether. (a) What happens to the reaction rate if the concentration of ethanol is doubled?arrow_forwardUsing cyclohexane as your starting material, show how you would synthesize each of the following compounds. (Onceyou have shown how to synthesize a compound, you may use it as the starting material in any later parts of this problem.)(a) bromocyclohexane (b) cyclohexenearrow_forward
- Write equations showing how 2-phenylethanol could be prepared from each of the following starting materials:(a) Bromobenzene (c) 2-Phenylethanal (C6H5CH2CHO)(b) Styrene (d) 2-Phenylethanoic acid (C6H5CH2CO2H)arrow_forwardStarting from bromoethane, the formation of which of the following compound requires more than one step of reaction? 2 (a) Methoxyethane (b) Ethanol (c) Ethanoic acid (d) Ethenearrow_forwardPredict the major product or the necessary reagent or reactant to complete each of the following reactions. In the box before each reaction, indicate the mechanism followed by the reaction. (Free radical (FR), SN2, SN1). (b) (a) Cl₂ CH₂CH₂OH (a) 1 hv 2 (b) H Br H₂O Na+ SCH3 (c) (d) CI "CH3arrow_forward
- (a) Illustrate the following name reactions giving a chemical equation in each case :(i) Clemmensen reaction (ii) Cannizzaro’s reaction(b) Describe how the following conversions can be brought about :(i) Cyclohexanol to cyclohexan-1-one (ii) Ethylbenzene to benzoic acid(iii) Bromobenzene to benzoic acidarrow_forwardWrite the structure of the major organic product formed in the reaction of 1-pentene with each of the following: (a) Hydrogen chloride (b) Dilute sulfuric acid (c) Diborane in diglyme, followed by basic hydrogen peroxide (d) Bromine in carbon tetrachloride (e) Bromine in water (f) Peroxyacetic acid (g) Ozone (h) Product of part (g) treated with zinc and water (i) Product of part (g) treated with dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2Sarrow_forwardStarting exactly with any acid chloride with exactly with 5 carbon atoms, and using appropriate reagents outline the synthesis of the following molecules: (a) 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone (b) 4-propyl-4-octanolarrow_forward
- Give the Grignard reagent and carbonyl compound or ethylene oxide that can be used to prepare the following alcohols. Show all pairs of possible combinations. (b) (CH₂)₂C(OH)CH₂CH₂CH₂ CH CH₂CH₂OHarrow_forward(a) How will you convert:(i) Benzene to acetophenone (ii) Propanone to 2-Methylpropan-2-ol(b) Give reasons :(i) Electrophilic substitution in benzoic acid takes place at meta position.(ii) Carboxylic acids are higher boiling liquids than aldehydes, ketones and alcohols of comparable molecular masses.(iii) Propanal is more reactive than propanone in nucleophilic addition reactions.arrow_forwardDevelop syntheses for the following compounds. As starting materials, you may use cyclopentanol, alcohols containing no more than four carbon atoms, and any common reagents and solvents. (a) trans-cyclopentane-1,2-diol (b) 1-chloro-1-ethylcyclopentanearrow_forward
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