Chapter 12, Problem 29QP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason why the elements Sn and Pb that are a part of group $4\text{A}$ are not semiconductors is to be explained.

Concept introduction:

Semiconductors are the solids thathave a conductivity in-between those of conductors and insulators.

In semiconductors, the gap between the conduction band and the valence band is small, so electrons may jump from the valence band to the conduction band.

Conduction band: The conduction band is the band of electron orbitals that electrons can jump up into from the valence band when excited.

Valence band: The valence band is the band of electron orbitals that electrons can jump out of, moving into the conduction band when excited.

A Dopant, also called a doping agent, is a trace impurity element that is inserted into a substance (in very low concentrations) to alter the electrical or optical properties of the substance.

Doping: Addition of dopant is doping.

n-Type semiconductor: A semiconductor that has been doped with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor.

p-Type semiconductor: A semiconductor that has been doped with electron acceptor atoms is called a p-type semiconductor