Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393614008
Author: Clark Spencer Larsen
Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company
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Chapter 12, Problem 2ER
Summary Introduction
To describe: The three cranial and postcranial features of Neanderthal skeletons that are likely adaptations to the cold climates of Upper Pleistocene Europe.
Introduction: The variation is the key to the evolution. The accumulation of variation over the time period plays an important role in the evolution of new kind of species. There are many environmental factors such as climate, altitude and latitude also influences the variation among species.
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A paleontologist finds a hominid fossil skull in a stratum dated at 4.4 MYA in
eastern Africa. The skull has a relatively small braincasea and similarly-shaped
teeth. Which of the following hominid species would the skull most likely be a fossil
of?
Homo erectus
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus africanus
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo erectus was likely the first hominin to successfully migrate to regions beyond Africa. Discuss how the biology and culture of Homo erectus led to its success on three major continents with varying environments.
One of the main characteristics that defines the hominin tribe are their bipedal tendencies. However, as you have noted in reading for this week's assignments, not all hominins had the same bipedal capabilities. Early hominins can be defined as being at various stages of transitioning into bipedalism while later forms are obligate bipeds. At the same time there are many other things that we can explore that relate to hominins. Often times there are new discoveries that are made and those discoveries make the news.I would like you to share a news article that specifically deals with hominins. The news article can be up to 10 years old.
Make sure you do the following for points.
Note: Make sure that the news that you read only deals with one of the following genera - Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus.
Give a brief summary of what you read. In one short paragraph tell the class what the news was about. Include the following points.
Name the species in question.
Where…
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Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology (Fourth Edition)
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- One of the main characteristics that defines the hominin tribe are their bipedal tendencies. However, as you have noted in reading for this week's assignments, not all hominins had the same bipedal capabilities. Early hominins can be defined as being at various stages of transitioning into bipedalism while later forms are obligate bipeds. At the same time there are many other things that we can explore that relate to hominins. Often times there are new discoveries that are made and those discoveries make the news. For this discussion board, I would like you to share a news article that specifically deals with hominins. The news article can be up to 10 years old. Make sure you do the following for points. Note: Make sure that the news that you read only deals with one of the following genera - Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus. Give a brief summary of what you read. In one short paragraph tell the class what the news was about. Include the following points. Name…arrow_forwardChoose true or false for each of the following statements: A. Neanderthal DNA shows that they share a number of modern human traits, and likely interbred with human populations leaving Africa as they moved through Southwest Asia. B. The fate of the Neanderthals is clear from fossil and artifactual evidence - they simply died out about 27 000 years ago. C. Platyrrhines differ from catarrhines in the following ways: they have three premolars instead of two, they are found in Central and South America, and they have prehensile tails, feet, and hands. D. The Harvard Medical School bacteria video demonstrated the principles of gene flow and genetic drift. E.arrow_forwardClassic Neanderthal limb bones suggest that: A. the Neanderthals probably had limited manual dexterity, which probably accounts for the crudeness of Mousterian (= Middle Paleolithic) stone tools. B. even Neanderthal children had difficulty walking erect. C. the Neanderthals were stocky, heavily muscled people. D. the Neanderthals averaged over six feet tall. E. the Neanderthals had apelike limb proportions, including exceptionally long arms.arrow_forward
- Which statement is NOT true about the early hominins: A) The angle of the foramen magnum on Sahelanthropus tchadensis ("Toumai") indicates a vertically oriented upper neck, a clear sign of bipedalism. B) The reconstructed skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus ("Ardi") suggests she was adapted for bipedal walking and climbing in trees. C) Early hominins such as Sahelanthropus and Ardipithecus had small, chimp-sized brain. D) All of the above are true.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a "derived" versus a “primitive" trait? Give an example of both, seen in Au. afarensis. Which of the paleoenvironment hypotheses have been used to describe early hominin diversity, and which have been used to describe bipedalism? Which anatomical features for bipedalism do we see in early hominins? Are these primarily obligate bipeds? Explain. Describe the dentition of gracile and robust australopithecines. What might these tell us about their relative diets? List the hominin species argued to be associated with stone tool technologies. Are you convinced of these associations? Why/why not?arrow_forwardWhile listening to a hominin evolution podcast, the narrator mentions that the overall similarity of Homo erectus fossils from Africa, Asia, and Europe, and through time represents evolutionary statis. What evidence is there that this is not the case? A. The size of the teeth and jaws increased from earlier to later forms. B. There was an overall increase in cranial robusticity from earlier to later forms. C. The thickness of the cranial bone increased from earlier to later forms. D. Brain size increased by approximately 30% from earlier to later forms.arrow_forward
- Paleoanthropologists generally agree that Homo erectus belongs in our genus and represents a significant shift towards adaptations important to our own species. However, there is much variation among specimens that are grouped into H. erectus. Your instructor will let you know which of these fossil representatives to use for the exercise today.Based on your measurements and comparisons in the table above, what are major differences among Au. africanus, H. habilis, and H. erectus? Do you think H. habilis is more like Australopithecus or Homo? How do these three species reflect the major environmental pressures of the time periods in which they lived, respectively? List three features that are changing in the genus Homo due to these selective pressures. List three features found in H. erectus that are derived, compared to Au. africanus.arrow_forwardAccording to "The Life and Death of a Neanderthal (Shanidar 1)”, why is it important that Nandy managed to survive through all of these injuries? What does it say about his community? A.There’s no way he could have survived these injuries on his own. Other Neanderthals must have cared for him, brought him food, possibly amputated his arm so that he could live. B.There’s no way he could have survived these injuries on his own. Homo sapiens must have cared for him because they were the only species that had any medical knowledge. C.Nandy survived with these injuries on his own because his community did not take care of each other. D.Nandy survived with these injuries on his own because his entire community was killed and Nandy lived alone.arrow_forwardWhich of these discoveries were used by paleontologists to conclude that some hominins—Homo erectus, for example—engaged in long-term pair bonding? toolmaking evidence increased skull size relative skeleton sizes changes in leg structure Correct Answer(s) Incorrect Answer(s)arrow_forward
- Label the four parts that make up the cranial buttressing system of Homo erectus (where are they located): supraorbital torus, sagittal keel, angular torus, occipital torus H. habilis skulls do not have a cranial buttressing system. Different skull functions show species developments. What different activities did H. erectus engage in that H. habilis did not? Where was the Nariokotome skeleton found? How old is the fossil? (in terms of millions of years ago) How old was this individual at death? (actual and modern equivalent) What sex was this individual? What have we learned about the Homo erectus species in general by studying the fossils of this particular individual? Go on to the next page in this assignment STATION 4: Compare the following forms of H. erectus to get an idea of the diversity present. Date range Cranial capacity? (cc) Where found? Supraorbital torus? (S/M/L) Overall robusticity (S/M/L) Sex? (male or female) Age? (juvenile or adult) Dmanisi 5 (Early H. erectus)…arrow_forwardWhat specific evidence do paleoanthropologists cite to support the arguments that Neanderthals had a tendency to inbreed (extreme endogamy)? What are the speculated reasons for this practice?arrow_forwardHomo erectus was most likely the first hominid to successfully migrate to regions beyond Africa. Discuss how the biology and culture of Homo erectus led to its success on three major continents with varying environmentsarrow_forward
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