Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The definition for the dark current.
Concept introduction:
A dark current is basically a very small amount of current that flows through a semiconductor device. It is different from the main current flowing through the semiconductor device.
(b)
Interpretation:
The definition of the transducer.
Concept introduction:
A transducer is basically used to convert the one form of energy into the other as per the requirement and its usage. A transducer gives the output signal to be some electric signal for the form of energy provided to it.
(c)
Interpretation:
The definition of the scattered radiation in a monochromator.
Concept introduction:
Scattered radiation is the amount of radiations other than the mainstream radiations and these are produced when the main radiations are obstructed by something.
(d)
Interpretation:
The definition of the source flicker noise.
Concept introduction:
The source flicker noise is a very common noise that is present in almost all of the electronic devices. This noise is due to the varying frequency of the spectrum.
(e)
Interpretation:
The definition of the cell positioning uncertainity.
Concept introduction:
The cell positioning uncertainty is the varying position of the cell connected to some circuit or some device.
(f)
Interpretation:
The definition of the beam splitter.
Concept introduction:
The beam splitter as the name suggests is a device used in the path of the beams to divide or to split the beams into different parts. The beam splitters can be made of several shapes and sizes.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 13 Solutions
PRINCIPLES OF INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
- An atomic beam is designed to function with (a) cadmium, (b) mercury. The source is an oven maintained at 380K with a small slit of dimensions 1.0cm x 1.0 x 10-3cm. The vapor pressure of cadmium is 0.13 Pa nd that of mercury is 12 Pa at this temperature. What is the atomic current (the number of atoms per second) in the beams?arrow_forward(B) A 0.05 mM solution of DCPIP was placed in a 1 cm spectrophotometer cuvette and a beam of light at 600nm was passed through the cuvette. The extinction coefficient for DCPIP is 3500 L/mole/cm under the specific conditions used. What proportion (as a percentage) of light would emerge from the other side of the cuvette?arrow_forwardA photometer with a linear response to radiation gave a reading of 690 mV with a blank in the light path and 169 mV when the blank was replaced by an absorbing solution. Calculate *(a) the transmittance and absorbance of the absorbing solution. (b) the expected transmittance if the concentration of absorber is one half that of the original solution. *(c) the transmittance to be expected if the light path through the original solution is doubled.arrow_forward
- Express a wavelength of 442 nm as (a) a frequency. (b) a wavenumber.arrow_forward7) A 25.0 ml sample containing Cu gave an instrument reading of 23.6 units (corrected for a blank). When exactly 0.500 ml of 0.0287M Cu(NO3)2 Was added to the solution,the signal increased to 37.9 units. Calculate the molar concentration of Cu" in the sample +2,arrow_forwardplease quickly ,within 1hour thanks ! If it takes longer than an hour, i don't need the answer (1) List the detectors ofHPLC. Describe the advantage and disadvantage for two wideused detectorsarrow_forward
- Plot absorbance as a function of the concentration of Cr (IV) standard. Determine the equation of the line and the X intercept. The unknown and all standard additions were made up to the same final volume (final volume is not given in the problem). (a) Find the concentration of Cr (IV) in the river water. Solutions River water River water + 100 ppb Cr (IV) River water + 200 ppb Cr (IV) River water + 300 ppb Cr (IV) River water + 400 ppb Cr (IV) River water + 500 ppb Cr (IV) Current (HA) 0.95 1.21 1.34 1.57 1.75 2.05arrow_forward2. Answer ALL parts. (a) The absorbance of compound A was measured in a 1.00 cm cuvette at 238 nm. A 3.96 x 10 M solution of compound A exhibited an absorbance of 0.624. A blank solution containing only the solvent had an absorbance of 0.029 at the same wavelength. Calculate the molar absorptivity of compoundA in m' mole". (i) The absorbance of an unknown solution of Compound A in the same solvent and cuvette was 0.375 at 238 nm. Find the concentration of A in the unknown. (iii) A concentrated solution of Compound A in the same solvent was diluted from an initial volume of 2.00ml to a final volume of 25 ml and then had an absorbance of 0.733 under the same conditions. What is the concentration of A in the concentrated solution? (iv) What type of cuvette was used in the above analysis? Justify your answer. (b) Name ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of a linear photodiode array detector compared to a traditional photomultiplier based spectrometer. (c) Why is an FTIR spectrum digital in…arrow_forwardography (a) Derive the relationship between diffusion analyte current and concentration of an in polarography.arrow_forward
- i) Find the differences between the AES and XPS in terms of principle and information obtained from the spectra. ii) Why AFM is mostly utilized microscopic method for the determination of the thickness of the film?arrow_forwardQ.8(a)Describe the difference between the following and list any particular advantages possessed by one over the other.(i) Hydrogen and deuterium discharge lamps as sources for ultraviolet radiations.(ii) Filters and Monochromators as wavelength selectors.(iii) Photovoltaic cells and phototubes as detectors for electromagnetic radiations.(iv) Single beam and double beam instruments for absorbance measurementsarrow_forwardAtomic Spectroscopy (a) In terms of spectral shape, how are atomic spectra different from molecular spectra? What is the source of this difference? (b) Describe the decision-making process for picking a line for atomic emission analysis of a given analyte. (c) For quality assurance, spike recovery is not sufficient to establish confidence in an analytical procedure. Explain this statement. What should be done instead to demonstrate satisfactory performance of an instrumental method (including elemental analysis). (d) Find a literature example of atomic spectroscopy used for elemental analysis. State the operating conditions with sufficient detail to reproduce the analysis; Please answer very soon will give rating surely All questions complete Answer needed Please help mearrow_forward
- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning