Chapter 13, Problem 13.58AP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrogenation (Addition of ${\text{H}}_2$ to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen molecule ${\text{H}}_2$ to a multiple bond to give a saturated product.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Halogenation (Addition of halogen molecule to alkenes): The addition of halogen molecules like ${\text{Cl}}_{\text{2}}{\text{ and Br}}_{\text{2}}$ to a multiple bond to give a dihalide product.

c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydrohalogenation (Addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes): The addition of hydrogen halide to a multiple bond to give an alkyl halide product.

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of $\text{HX}$ to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the more substituent carbon centre and hydrogen attached to the less substituent carbon centre.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction equation to be predicted

Concept Introduction:

Addition reaction: A general reaction type in which a substance X-Y adds to the multiple bond of an unsaturated reactant to yield a saturated product that has only single bonds.

Hydration:

When alkene is undergoes hydration with water in the presence of sulfuric acid which yields the alcohol. In this reaction, the water molecule will behave like a hydrogen halide to the alkene which gives the addition product this reaction is known as a hydration reaction.

Alkene is reaction with water in the presence of sulfuric acid, first step is proton (${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$) addition to the double bond which forms carbocation (more stable carbocation) followed by addition of hydroxide ion (${}^{\text{-}}\text{OH}$) yields alcohol as a product. The stability of carbocation is given below, Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary, secondary carbocation is more stable than primary.

In hydration reaction, sulfuric acid is act as a proton donor, which is the driving force of the reaction. Hydration reaction will not go without acid (sulfuric acid).

Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of $\text{HX}$ to an alkene, the major product arises as the nucleophile attached to the less substituent hydrogen centre and hydrogen attached to the more substituent hydrogen centre.