Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780321981226
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 13, Problem 17RQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The effect on the release of P’s neurotransmitter levels.
Introduction: Neurotransmitters are the chemical molecules that are released by the neurons in response to a stimulus which excites the other neurons and brings about a nerve signal impulse transmission.
Summary Introduction
To determine: The effect of M’s neurotransmitter on the membrane potential of P’s synaptic membrane.
Introduction: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) helps in maintaining a steady state in the internal environment, which is called homeostasis. The two branches of ANS are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. These systems control the different responses to different stimuli.
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Photoreceptor cells form glutamatergic synapses onto bipolar cells and when photoreceptor cells are depolarized the release of glutamate into the synapse is increased. One class of bipolar cells, (called OFF bipolar cells) have excitatory glutamate receptors in their post-synaptic specialization. What happens to the membrane potential of OFF bipolar cells when photoreceptors are illuminated?
apucreceptors ava ble at the synapse are reflected in this number.
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Group of answer choices
The summation of these two graded potentials will generate an action potential and this action potential will travel down the axon.
Summation of these two graded potentials will cause the membrane potential at the axon hillock to be more negative.
These graded potentials will bring the resting membrane potential to 0 mV.
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
Ch. 13 - List the general steps of a reflex pathway,...Ch. 13 - If a cell hyperpolarizes, does its membrane...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3CCCh. 13 - Draw a reflex map of the flexion reflex initiated...Ch. 13 - Prob. 5CCCh. 13 - Prob. 6CCCh. 13 - Prob. 7CCCh. 13 - Prob. 1RQCh. 13 - Prob. 2RQCh. 13 - The pathway pattern that brings information from...
Ch. 13 - When the axon terminal of a modulatory neuron...Ch. 13 - Autonomic reflexes are also called _____ reflexes....Ch. 13 - Prob. 6RQCh. 13 - Prob. 7RQCh. 13 - Prob. 8RQCh. 13 - Prob. 9RQCh. 13 - Prob. 10RQCh. 13 - Prob. 11RQCh. 13 - Prob. 12RQCh. 13 - Prob. 13RQCh. 13 - Prob. 14RQCh. 13 - Prob. 15RQCh. 13 - Prob. 16RQCh. 13 - Prob. 17RQCh. 13 - At your last physical, your physician checked your...Ch. 13 - There are several theories about how presynaptic...Ch. 13 - Prob. 20RQCh. 13 - Prob. 21RQCh. 13 - Prob. 22RQ
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- Let’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)arrow_forwardWhich is TRUE about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential? The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. O The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. O The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell.arrow_forwardSuppose neuron X has a synapse onto neuron Y, which has a synapse onto Z. Presume that no other neurons or synapses are present. An experimenter finds that stimulating neuron X causes an action potential in neuron Z after a short delay. However, she determines that the synapse of X onto Y is inhibitory. Explain how the stimulation of X might produce excitation of Z.arrow_forward
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- What type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.arrow_forwardPredict the effect of the poison ouabain (way-BAH-in), which blocks Na+/K+ pumps, on the neuronal action potential. (Hint: What would happen to the sodium and potassium ion gradients?)arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forward
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