Concept explainers
To determine: The part of the brain that transforms emotions into somatosensory and visceral function.
Introduction: The brain is a very complex organ. Structurally, it involves two hemispheres divided by a fissure called corpus callosum. The brain has three parts. These are the largest part is the cerebrum, the second largest part is the cerebellum, and the brain stem that is called medulla oblongata.
To list: The three autonomic reflexes linked to emotions.
Introduction: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) helps in maintaining a steady state in the internal environment which is called homeostasis. The two branches of ANS are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
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Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
- Describe Dr. LeDoux's direct ("fast and dirty") ascending emotional pathways Emotional stimulus>dorso-medial thalamus>lateral nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus>neocortex>lateral nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus> PAG>central nucleus of the amygdala Emotional stimulus>ventral sensory thalamus> Hypothalamus>basolateral nucleus of the amygdalaarrow_forwardWhat portions of the brain and limbic system are involved with modulation of emotion?arrow_forwardThe ____ and ____ are both found deep within fissures of the cerebral cortex. These two regions form a network with the amygdala and hypothalamus. Although they are also involved in other important functions, many modern imaging studies show that they activate simultaneously during the conscious experience of emotional feelings. A) anterior cingulate cortex; anterior insular cortex B) thalamus; hippocampus C) caudate nucleus; globus pallidus D) substancia nigra; ventra tegmental areaarrow_forward
- In the Basal Ganglia, which neurotransmitter is released onto the external segment of the globus pallidus of the indirect pathway? Glutamate GABA ACH Dopamine In the Basal Ganglia, which neurotransmitter is released onto the internal segment of the globus pallidus of the indirect pathway? Glutamate GABA ACH Dopaminearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements best describes the axonal projection patterns of upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex? Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are cholinergic and their axons project directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex are glutamatergic and their axons project to the thalamus, brain stem and directly to muscle fibres to control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to the spinal cord where they synapse with cholinergic lower motoneurons that control voluntary muscle movements. Upper motoneurons located in the primary motor cortex project to neurons in the cerebellum, thalamus and brain stem that in turn contact lower motoneurons in the spinal cord to control voluntary muscle movements.arrow_forwardThe ____ receives a large amount of information from the amygdala. It's the final destination for most of the brain's information about emotion before action is taken. For this reason, patients with damage to this region often struggle to make decisions, especially when those decisions involve avoiding risks or learning from reinforcement and punishment. A) ventromedial prefrontal cortex B) posterior parietal cortex C) anterior insular cortex D) anterior cingulate gyrusarrow_forward
- Subjecting neurons in the perforant pathway to tetanus stimulation strengthens activity in the dentate gyrus, indicating that long-term potentiation does not occur in the hippocampus. the hippocampus is involved in memory. synapses in the brain do not behave like Hebbian synapses. synapses in the brain can behave like Hebbian synapses.arrow_forwardListed below are the events that occur during basal ganglia functioning. Disinhibition of thalamic nuclei that project to motor cortex Inhibition of globus pallidus Excitation of corpus striatum Which of the following is the correct sequence of these events? Group of answer choices 1; 2; 3 1; 3; 2 2; 3; 1 2; 1; 3 3; 1; 2 3; 2; 1arrow_forwardBased on the attached figure (Fig. Box 18B of the textbook), what is the output structure of the basal ganglia for the limbic loop? NON-MOTOR LOOPS Oculomotor loop Prefrontal loop Limbic loop MOTOR LOOPS Body movement loop Primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor cortex Frontal eye field, supplementary eye field Frontal cortex Cortical input Thalamus Pallidum Striatum Motor, premotor, somatosensory cortex Putamen Cortical targets Cortical targets Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Posterior pariétal, prefrontal cortex Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Caudate (body) Anterior caudate Cortical targets Anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex Amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) Ventral HA Globus pallidus, internal segment Globus pallidus, Internal segment; substantia nigra pars reticulata Globus pallidus, internal segment substantia nigra pars reticulata pallidum Ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei Mediodorsal…arrow_forward
- Baddeley, in his working memory model, proposed a system for rehearsing at the level of mental imagery "in the mind's eye" (and working memory) which he called the:arrow_forwardAccording to Squire, what brain areas receive the majority of amygdala outputs during an emotional event? a. The hippocampus subdivisions that controls reward-based responses b. The occipital cortex, the pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus c. Cortical areas that process behaviorally relevant sensory perceptions d. Subcortical areas that control autonomic and motor responses e. The motor cortex, the cerebellum, and the thalamusarrow_forwardMatch the following statements to the correct neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system. Select "Both" if the statement is true of both neurotransmitters. Secreted by cholinergic fibers. Receptors for this neurotransmitter may cause either excitatory or inhibitory responses. Bind(s) to adrenergic receptors. Receptors for this neurotransmitter are found on all autonomic postganglionic neurons. This neurotransmitter can increase heart rate. ANSWER OPTIONS: Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine? Both?arrow_forward
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