Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780321981226
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 13, Problem 4RQ
When the axon terminal of a modulatory neuron (cell M) terminates close to the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell (cell P) and decreases the amount of neurotransmitter released by cell P, the resulting type of modulation is called _____. [Hint: See p. 261.]
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Chapter 13 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
Ch. 13 - List the general steps of a reflex pathway,...Ch. 13 - If a cell hyperpolarizes, does its membrane...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3CCCh. 13 - Draw a reflex map of the flexion reflex initiated...Ch. 13 - Prob. 5CCCh. 13 - Prob. 6CCCh. 13 - Prob. 7CCCh. 13 - Prob. 1RQCh. 13 - Prob. 2RQCh. 13 - The pathway pattern that brings information from...
Ch. 13 - When the axon terminal of a modulatory neuron...Ch. 13 - Autonomic reflexes are also called _____ reflexes....Ch. 13 - Prob. 6RQCh. 13 - Prob. 7RQCh. 13 - Prob. 8RQCh. 13 - Prob. 9RQCh. 13 - Prob. 10RQCh. 13 - Prob. 11RQCh. 13 - Prob. 12RQCh. 13 - Prob. 13RQCh. 13 - Prob. 14RQCh. 13 - Prob. 15RQCh. 13 - Prob. 16RQCh. 13 - Prob. 17RQCh. 13 - At your last physical, your physician checked your...Ch. 13 - There are several theories about how presynaptic...Ch. 13 - Prob. 20RQCh. 13 - Prob. 21RQCh. 13 - Prob. 22RQ
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- A common membrane-bound intermediary between the receptor and the effector protein within the plasma membrane is the __________________.arrow_forwardWhen an impulse arrives at the synapse, the synaptic vesicles open and release neurotransmitters into the cleft within a thousandth of a second. Within another ten thousandth of a second, these molecules have diffused across the cleft and bound to receptor sites in the effector cell. In what two ways is transmission across a synapse terminated so that the neuron’s signal is concluded?arrow_forwardWhat type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.arrow_forward
- describe the location of neurotansmitters within an axon and explain the relationship between presynaptic axon actviity and the amount of neurotransmitters released.arrow_forwardLet’s say the synapses of a neuron’s dendrites are filled with glutamate-gated channels which, when activated by glutamate, cause an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in the neuron. In one instance, glutamate is released at all of the synapses simultaneously and this leads to an action potential in the neuron. A) What type of summation of PSPs is this? Why? B) List the sequence of steps that occur starting from binding of glutamate to the glutamate-gated channels at the synapses and ending with the membrane potential at the axon hillock returning to resting potential at the end of the action potential. (Include all the changes in voltage-gated channels underlying the action potential.)arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forward
- In chemical synapses, neurons communicate with other neurons or skeletal muscles via neurotransmitters (NT). Explain the steps of neurotransmission beginning from the action potential arriving at the axon terminal to the termination of NT actions. (answer max 8 sentences)arrow_forwardEarly in an action potential, the inside of the axon becomes less negatively charged relative to the outside, this is called. Polarization Depolarization Hyperpolarization Repolarization ---------------------------------- Neurotransmitters -gated (ligand gated) ions channels are important for ____, while voltage gated ion channels are important for ____ Communication between neurons; communication within neurons communication within neurons; Communication between neurons ------------------------------- In gross neuroanatomy we are interested in structures that are NOT visible to the naked eye. True or false.arrow_forwardBesides the standard post- and pre-synapse that exchange information, non neuronal cell types also play a role in synaptic transmission. One of those are called astrocytes and can form a tripartite synapse. Explain the roles of astrocytes in synaptic transmission.arrow_forward
- Explain the difference between slow and fast chemical transmission. Fig. 8.23arrow_forwardAt the peak of the neuronal action potential, Vm is approximately +50 mV. Assuming normal intracellular and extracellular K+ concentrations ( [K+]o = 4 mM, [K+]i = 150 mM ), what is the driving force (in mV) that acts on K+ ions at the peak of the action potential?arrow_forwardThe purpose of an action potential (AP) is to propagate a signal down the axon to the axon terminal. What happens once it reaches the axon terminal? Using the experiment showing recordings from the post-synaptic cell (endplate potentials), describe what happens when an AP reaches the axon terminal and subsequently transmits the signal to a neighboring cell. What does this tell us about chemical neurotransmission?arrow_forward
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